Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines

Bashiri, Sahra; Koirala, Prashamsa; Tóth, István; Skwarczynski, Mariusz

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 218 publications

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“…Experimental evidence from cell culture and animal models support at least three mechanisms by which complex carbohydrates such as GC could stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems (50)(51)(52)(53). First, GC recognition by sensors on macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) can stimulate innate immune defenses (54)(55)(56). While immune receptors for GC have not been identified, chitosan binding to C-type lectin receptors such as dectin-1 can initiate innate immune signaling (57,58).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2

Weiss

Liu²,

Ball

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The rapid emergence and global dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 continues to cause an unprecedented global health burden resulting in more than 4 million deaths in the 20 months since the virus was discovered. While multiple vaccine countermeasures have been approved for emergency use, additional treatments are still needed due to sluggish vaccine rollout and vaccine hesitancy. Immunoadjuvant compounds delivered intranasally can guide non-specific innate immune responses during the critical early stages of viral replication, reducing morbidity and mortality. N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC) is a novel mucoadhesive immunostimulatory polymer of β-0-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine that is solubilized by the conjugation of galactose glycans. We tested GC as a potential countermeasure for COVID-19. GC administered intranasally before and after SARS-CoV-2 exposure diminished morbidity and mortality in humanized ACE2 receptor expressing mice by up to 75% and reduced infectious virus levels in the upper airway and lungs. Our findings demonstrate a new application for soluble immunoadjuvants like GC for preventing severe disease associated with SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2

Weiss

Liu²,

Ball

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…In comparison to their whole-pathogen counterparts, subunit vaccines have minimal adverse effects, do not require complex storage or transport conditions, and have large-scale manufacturing potential [10][11][12]. However, subunit vaccines are often unable to trigger strong immune responses and require the application of nanotechnology or molecular adjuvants to boost the immunity [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanoparticle (NP)-based formulations are one of the most popular drug delivery systems, having been widely investigated over the past two decades [21,22]. Simultaneously, nanotechnology has been developing rapidly for vaccine delivery applications [16,23,24]. These "nanovaccines" utilize NPs in the range of 1-1000 nm, as particles this size can traffic in the lymphatic system and are preferentially taken up by APCs [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Conjugation Strategies for the Development of Protein-Based Subunit Nanovaccines

Duong

Shalash

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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The production of subunit nanovaccines relies heavily on the development of a vaccine delivery system that is safe and efficient at delivering antigens to the target site. Nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for vaccine delivery over the years, as they often possess self-adjuvanting properties. The conjugation of antigens to nanoparticles by covalent bonds ensures co-delivery of these components to the same subset of immune cells in order to trigger the desired immune responses. Herein, we review covalent conjugation strategies for grafting protein or peptide antigens onto other molecules or nanoparticles to obtain subunit nanovaccines. We also discuss the advantages of chemical conjugation in developing these vaccines.

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“…Also, polysaccharides can inhibit viral transcription and replication. Furthermore, they are responsible for activating the host antiviral immunomodulatory system [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review

Mallakpour

Azadi

Hussain

2021

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.

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Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines

Cited by 30 publications

References 218 publications

N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2

N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2

Chemical Conjugation Strategies for the Development of Protein-Based Subunit Nanovaccines

Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review

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