Carbamazepine Removal by Clay-Based Materials Using Adsorption and Photodegradation

Abstract

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most common emerging contaminants released to the aquatic environment through domestic and pharmaceutical wastewater. Due to its high persistence through conventional degradation treatments, CBZ is considered a typical indicator for anthropogenic activities. This study tested the removal of CBZ through two different clay-based purification techniques: adsorption of relatively large concentrations (20–500 μmol L−1) and photocatalysis of lower concentrations (<20 μmol L−1). The sorption mechanism was examined by FTIR measurements, exchangeable cations released, and colloidal charge of the adsorbing clay materials. Photocatalysis was performed in batch experiments under various conditions. Despite the neutral charge of carbamazepine, the highest adsorption was observed on negatively charged montmorillonite-based clays. Desorption tests indicate that adsorbed CBZ is not released by washing. The adsorption/desorption processes were confirmed by ATR-FTIR analysis of the clay-CBZ particles. A combination of synthetic montmorillonite or hectorite with low H2O2 concentrations under UVC irradiation exhibits efficient homo-heterogeneous photodegradation at μM CBZ levels. The two techniques presented in this study suggest solutions for both industrial and municipal wastewater, possibly enabling water reuse.

الايزوثيرمات والدوال الدينميكية الحرارية لامتزاز دواء الميتوبرولول على السليكا متوسطة المسام المحضرة

“…Finding a suitable model to be employed requires analyzing the experimental data and fitting it in various isotherm equations 19 . These isotherm equations are Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich.…”

Elementary Steps in Steady State Kinetic Model Approximation for the Homo-Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Carbamazepine

“…Reverse osmosis (RO) and nano filtration (NF) membranes were found effective, but result in the accumulation of CBZ in the filtered brine, requiring complementary treatment [9]. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) in combination with activated carbon as an adsorbent substrate [10], or adsorption on the surface of clay minerals/organoclays [11], have also been shown to be effective, however the polluted matrix requires additional treatment to achieve CBZ complete removal.…”

Wastewater Treatment with the Natural Sorbents from the Arctic

“…The main technology parameters of granular-laden filters are the filtration rate, the height of the filter layer, the size of the material fractions, and grain shape of the material, its porosity, and its heterogeneity [8]. Activated carbon is considered the most common and efficient loading material for these facilities [9][10][11]. However, for the northern area, this sorbent is very expensive because of the lack of nearby coal fields.…”