Capsella embryogenesis: The suspensor and the basal cell

Schulz, Patricia; Jensen, William A.

doi:10.1007/bf01248736

Cited by 110 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…the unfused polar nuclei in this mutant. The nuclear fusion process has been characterized using TEM in a wide variety of plant species (Jensen, 1964;van Went, 1970;Schulz and Jensen, 1973;Maze and Lin, 1975;Folsom and Peterson, 1984;Sumner and van Caeseele, 1990;Faure et al, 1993). During both megagametogenesis and fertilization, karyogamy occurs between intact nuclei and begins with contact of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes that are continuous with the outer nuclear membranes of the two nuclei.…”

Section: Nfd1 Affects Karyogamy During Fertilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE1 Encodes the Arabidopsis RPL21M Protein and Is Required for Karyogamy during Female Gametophyte Development and Fertilization

et al. 2006

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Karyogamy, or nuclear fusion, is essential for sexual reproduction. In angiosperms, karyogamy occurs three times: twice during double fertilization of the egg cell and the central cell and once during female gametophyte development when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus. The molecular mechanisms controlling karyogamy are poorly understood. We have identified nine female gametophyte mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nuclear fusion defective1 (nfd1) to nfd9, that are defective in fusion of the polar nuclei. In the nfd1 to nfd6 mutants, failure of fusion of the polar nuclei is the only defect detected during megagametogenesis. nfd1 is also affected in karyogamy during double fertilization. Using transmission electron microscopy, we showed that nfd1 nuclei fail to undergo fusion of the outer nuclear membranes. nfd1 contains a T-DNA insertion in RPL21M that is predicted to encode the mitochondrial 50S ribosomal subunit L21, and a wildtype copy of this gene rescues the mutant phenotype. Consistent with the predicted function of this gene, an NFD1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein localizes to mitochondria and the NFD1/RPL21M gene is expressed throughout the plant. The nfd3, nfd4, nfd5, and nfd6 mutants also contain T-DNA insertions in genes predicted to encode proteins that localize to mitochondria, suggesting a role for this organelle in nuclear fusion.

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Section: Nfd1 Affects Karyogamy During Fertilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE1 Encodes the Arabidopsis RPL21M Protein and Is Required for Karyogamy during Female Gametophyte Development and Fertilization

et al. 2006

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“…The embryo suspensor provides nutritional support for the immature embryo, supplying proteins or synthesizing the substances necessary for embryo development (Schulz and Jensen, 1969). The underdevelopment of the cell wall of suspensor cells and their other structural characteristics indicate their secretory function in transporting nutrients through their membranes to the embryo (Nagl, 1974;Cionini, 1987).…”

Section: Polytene Chromosomes Of Embryo Suspensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant polytene chromosomes

Carvalheira

2000

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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“…This suggests that some functions of the monocot suspensor may be replaced by adjacent tissues. Even in Phaseolus and Capsella, endosperm cells next to the suspensor often exhibit transfer cell morphology and appear active throughout early stages of development (Schulz and Jensen, 1969;Yeung and Clutter, 1979). It therefore appears that different parts of the seed worktogether to facilitate nutrient transport.…”

Section: Cellular Dlfferentlatlonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether a similar function is performed by smaller suspensors without polytene chromosomes remains to be determined. The suspensor of Capsella contains structural modifications to facilitate transport, but the cells are highly vacuolated and stain less intensely for protein and nucleic acids than adjacent cells of the embryo proper (Schulz and Jensen, 1969). Some suspensors may therefore promote growth of the embryo mainly through facilitated transport of nutrients rather than synthesis of critical growth factors.…”

Section: Suspensor Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include Capsella bursa-pastoris (Schulz and Jensen, 1969), Arabidopsis (Mansfield and Briarty, 1991), Stellaria media (Newcomb and Fowke, 1974), Pisum sativum (pea) (Marinos, 1970), Alisma lanceolarum (Bohdanowicz, 1987), Diplofaxis erucoides (Símoncioli, 1974), Alyssum mafitimum (Prabhakar and Vijayaraghavan, 1983), and lpomoea purpurea (morning glory) (Ponzi and Pizzolongo, 1972). Development of the suspensor in Capsella and Arabidopsis is summarized in Figure 2.…”

Section: Introduction Suspensor Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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