Capsella embryogenesis: The development of the free nuclear endosperm

Schulz, Patricia; Jensen, William A.

doi:10.1007/bf01666359

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The cytological characteristics of syncytial endosperm development have been studied in Arabidopsis Briarty, 1990a, 1990b;Schneitz et al, 1995;Scott et al, 1998; Brown et al, 1999) and in closely related crucifers (Vandendries, 1909;Schultz and Jensen, 1974;Vijayaraghavan and Prabhakar, 1984). Those studies provide a detailed account of endosperm organization at the cytological level and are in agreement with our own cytological observations.…”

Section: Control Of the Cell Cycle Is Linked To The Establishment Of supporting

confidence: 78%

“…Extensive cytological studies on the development of endosperm have been performed with Arabidopsis and closely related species (Vandendries, 1909;Schultz and Jensen, 1974;Vijayaraghavan and Prabhakar, 1984;Briarty, 1990a, 1990b;Schneitz et al, 1995;Scott et al, 1998;Brown et al, 1999). In these species, the endosperm develops as a syncytium within a few days after fertilization and comprises a few hundred nuclei.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Analyses of the Expression of the HISTONE::YFP Fusion Protein in Arabidopsis Show That Syncytial Endosperm Is Divided in Mitotic Domains

et al. 2001

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During early seed development, nuclear divisions in the endosperm are not followed by cell division, leading to the development of a syncytium. The simple organization of the Arabidopsis endosperm provides a model in which to study the regulation of the cell cycle in relation to development. To monitor nuclear divisions, we constructed a HISTONE 2B::YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN gene fusion ( H2B::YFP ) . To validate its use as a vital marker for chromatin in plants, H2B::YFP was expressed constitutively in Arabidopsis. This enabled the observation of mitoses in living root meristems. H2B::YFP was expressed specifically in Arabidopsis syncytial endosperm by using GAL4 transactivation. Monitoring mitotic activity in living syncytial endosperm showed that the syncytium was organized into three domains in which nuclei divide simultaneously with a specific time course. Each mitotic domain has a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of mitotic CYCLIN B1;1 accumulation. The polar spatial organization of the three mitotic domains suggests interactions between developmental mechanisms and the regulation of the cell cycle. INTRODUCTIONRegulation of the cell cycle in plants and animals involves a remarkable number of conserved genes and mechanisms (Huntley and Murray, 1999;Mironov et al., 1999). In animals, regulation of the entry into G1 has proven to be critical for some developmental steps, such as Drosophila wing patterning (Johnston and Edgar, 1998) and the integration between trophic factors and proliferation (Conlon and Raff, 1999;Galloni and Edgar, 1999). Recently, an essential block of entry into mitosis has been characterized for the coordination between proliferation and gastrulation in Drosophila (Grosshans and Wieschaus, 2000;Mata et al., 2000;Seher and Leptin, 2000). It has been shown in plants that endogenous cell cycle regulation is very precise in meristems, where cells are produced in roots (Berger et al., 1998a), and in the shoot apex (Meyerowitz, 1997;Laufs et al., 1998). However, little is known about the general mechanisms that govern cell proliferation in relation to patterning in plants. To undertake such an analysis, we propose to use a simple developmental system, the syncytial endosperm in Arabidopsis.Several developmental programs in multicellular organisms are characterized by multiple nucleate structures called syncytia or coenocytes. These structures originate either from the fusion of multiple cells, as in osteoclasts (Jotereau and Le Douarin, 1978), or from a single cell in which nuclear divisions proceed without cytokinesis. The best-studied examples of the latter type are the Drosophila oocyte (Foe et al., 1993) and the hyphae of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans (Doonan, 1992). In these systems, nuclei divide synchronously and thus provide simple models in which to study the developmental control of the cell cycle (Edgar and Lehner, 1996). In plants, the development of syncytia is typical of the endosperm (Vijayaraghavan and Prabhakar, 1984;Lopes and Larkins, 1993; Berger, 1999). Endosperm is inc...

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Section: Control Of the Cell Cycle Is Linked To The Establishment Of supporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Analyses of the Expression of the HISTONE::YFP Fusion Protein in Arabidopsis Show That Syncytial Endosperm Is Divided in Mitotic Domains

et al. 2001

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“…Previous studies have reported the presence of globoids in the PSVs of embryos and have made cryptic references to crystal-like structures in the endosperm of members of the Brassicaceae, such as Arabidopsis Briarty, 1990, 1992) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (Schulz and Jensen, 1974). However, because of the less than optimal structural preservation of the samples produced in those studies, they provided no information about what the crystals were made of, when they were formed, and when they were mobilized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Seeds of Arabidopsis Store Different Minerals in Two Types of Vacuoles and in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

2002

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Mineral-accumulating compartments in developing seeds of Arabidopsis were studied using high-pressure-frozen/ freeze-substituted samples. Developing seeds store minerals in three locations: in the protein storage vacuoles of the embryo, and transiently in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vacuolar compartments of the chalazal endosperm. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and enzyme treatments suggest that the minerals are stored as phytic acid ( myoinositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa kis phosphate) salts in all three compartments, although they differ in cation composition.

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“…Gaps in the endothelial cuticle of soybean frequently are observed opposite the base of these growing walls (Chamberlin et al 1 993b). These interruptions in the cuticle allow the direct absorption of nutrients from the integumentary tissues via these wall ingrowths in Capsella (Schulz and Jensen 1974). It is possible that carbohydrates are transported from the soybean endothelium, travel apoplastically within the endosperm anticlinal walls, and are then deposited at the plasmalemmas of the growing walls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Endosperm, Embryo, and Ovule Development in Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Chamberlin¹,

Horner²,

Palmer³

1994

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of soybean embryo, endosperm, and ovule development are described for the zygote to late heart-shaped embryo stages (0-35 d postfertilization). Nucellar cells subtending the degenerative synergid break down, allowing for pollen tube passage to this synergid. In 15 of 17 ovules studied, the degenerative synergid occupies a position abfunicular to the zygote. The inner integument differentiates into the endothelium and exterior layers of thick-walled cells at the globular embryo stage. The endothelium has a cuticle on its inner surface that begins to fragment at the onset of endosperm cellularization. Cellularization of the free-nuclear endosperm is initiated at the globular embryo stage by the formation of anticlinal ingrowths of the central cell wall. These walls fuse to form cylinders open to the central cell. Uninucleate cells are formed within the bases of the cylinders as periclinal walls are laid down. These latter walls are formed in the presence or absence of phragmoplasts. At the onset of cellularization, the endosperm forms a cellular sheath over the apex of the embryo, which partitions it from the central cell. The late globular embryo forms a cuticle on its surface but not on the suspensor. The endosperm cells of the chalazal process are suspended in a mucilage because of the loss of the central cell wall in this region. Endosperm degeneration occurs by two different processes: one involves wall thinning coincident with accumulation of mucilage exterior to the plasmalemma and within the cytoplasm; the other involves the fusion of vesicles to the plasmalemma and the concomitant release of cell-wall fibrils. The embryo becomes reoriented 900 to accommodate its expansion within the embryo sac. The integrated development and function of these tissues toward embryo and ovule maturation are discussed. Disciplines Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Botany | Plant Breeding and Genetics CommentsThis article is from International Journal of Plant Sciences 155 (1994): 421. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of soybean embryo, endosperm, and ovule development are described for the zygote to late heart-shaped embryo stages (0-35 d postfertilization). Nucellar cells subtending the degenerative synergid break down, allowing for pollen tube passage to this synergid. In 15 of 17 ovules studied, the degenerative synergid occupies a position abfunicular to the zygote. The inner integument differentiates into the endothelium and exterior layers of thick-walled cells at the globular embryo stage. The endothelium has a cuticle on its inner surface that begins to fragment at the onset of endosperm cellularization. Cellularization of the free-nuclear endosperm is initiated at the globular embryo stage by the formation of anticlinal ingrowths of the central cell wall. These walls fuse to form cylinders open to...

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Capsella embryogenesis: The development of the free nuclear endosperm

Cited by 47 publications

References 21 publications

Dynamic Analyses of the Expression of the HISTONE::YFP Fusion Protein in Arabidopsis Show That Syncytial Endosperm Is Divided in Mitotic Domains

Dynamic Analyses of the Expression of the HISTONE::YFP Fusion Protein in Arabidopsis Show That Syncytial Endosperm Is Divided in Mitotic Domains

Developing Seeds of Arabidopsis Store Different Minerals in Two Types of Vacuoles and in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Early Endosperm, Embryo, and Ovule Development in Glycine max (L.) Merr.

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