Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination

Sprygin, Alexander; Mazloum, Ali; Schalkwyk, Antoinette van; Babiuk, Shawn

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.978829

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Poxviruses under specific stresses can duplicate genes to adapt to new conditions [ 69 , 75 , 76 ]. However, there was minimal evidence that Capripoxviruses would recombine in the field [ 77 ]. Prior to 2017, the LSDVs could be grouped into two clusters that were separate from GPPV and SPPV [ 78 ] (refer to Figure 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

2023

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the Capripoxvirus genus, mainly infecting cattle and buffalo, which until relatively recently was only endemic in parts of Africa and then spread to the Middle East and lately Europe and Asia. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable disease with a serious impact on the beef industry as it causes mortality of up to 10% and has impacts on milk and meat production, as well as fertility. The close serological relationship between LSDV, goat poxvirus (GTPV) and sheep poxvirus (SPPV) has led to live attenuated GTPV and SPPV vaccines being used to protect against LSD in some countries. There is evidence that the SPPV vaccine does not protect from LSD as well as the GTPV and LSDV vaccines. One of the LSD vaccines used in Eastern Europe was found to be a combination of different Capripoxviruses, and a series of recombination events in the manufacturing process resulted in cattle being vaccinated with a range of recombinant LSDVs resulting in virulent LSDV which spread throughout Asia. It is likely that LSD will become endemic throughout Asia as it will be very challenging to control the spread of the virus without widespread vaccination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

2023

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“…Weiss hypothesized the implication of contact transmission under field conditions, although molecular techniques were unavailable then ( 8 ) and studies under laboratory settings did not report any infection via contact. The RVLSs have gained research interest in relation to their epidemiology, transmission, and diagnostics ( 2 , 46 ); however, the limited accessibility of the RVLS delays the identification of its properties following the discoveries of novel features that are not observed in parental strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is recognized as an important transboundary pathogen whose infection in animals has been associated with considerable losses in affected farms and countries ( 1 ). The etiological agent belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus along with the sheep pox virus and goat pox virus, which all share approximately 96% identity ( 2 ). The animals that are susceptible to the disease include cattle and buffaloes, among others ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This feature is critical in LSDV management but is often overlooked due to the lack of awareness and pursuit of the vector-borne concept and limited access to recombinant strains for testing ( 30 , 33 ). Notably, all capripoxviruses and poxviruses can spread through contact transmission ( 2 ). Therefore, considering the capacity of the RVLSs to transmit via direct or indirect contact, subclinical infection caused by the RVLSs can undermine the current efforts of disease prevention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subclinical infection caused by a recombinant vaccine-like strain poses high risks of lumpy skin disease virus transmission

Shumilova,

Prutnikov,

Mazloum

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infection, affecting cattle with characteristic manifestations involving multiple body systems. A distinctive characteristic of lumpy skin disease is the subclinical disease manifestation wherein animals have viremia and shed the virus through nasal and ocular discharges, while exhibiting no nodules but enlarged lymph nodes that are easily oversighted by inexperienced vets. Further research on the role of subclinically ill animals in the transmission of LSD virus (LSDV) can contribute to the development of more effective tools to control the disease worldwide. Thus, this study aims to determine the potential role of subclinical infection in virus transmission in a non-vector-borne manner. To achieve this, we inoculated animals with the recombinant vaccine-like strain (RVLS) Udmurtiya/2019 to cause clinical and subclinical LSDV infection. After the disease manifestation, we relocated the subclinically ill animals to a new clean facility followed by the introduction of another five animals to determine the role of RVLS-induced subclinical infection in the virus transmission via direct/indirect contact. After the introduction of the naïve animals to the relocated subclinically ill ones in a shared airspace, two introduced animals contracted the virus (clinically and subclinically), showing symptoms of fever, viremia, and seroconversion in one animal, while three other introduced animals remained healthy and PCR-negative until the end of the study. In general, the findings of this study suggest the importance of considering LSDV subclinical infection as a high-risk condition in disease management and outbreak investigations.

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“…The genomes of all three species are closely related, showing 97% nucleotide identity. The high level of similarity between poxviruses increases the likelihood of recombination in the field ( 5 , 6 ). However, capripoxviruses exhibit varying levels of host adaptation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts

Sharko,

Mazloum,

Krotova

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionIt has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis.MethodsIn this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus.ResultsThe analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified.DiscussionThis study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained.

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Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination

Cited by 7 publications

References 128 publications

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

Lumpy Skin Disease—An Emerging Cattle Disease in Europe and Asia

Subclinical infection caused by a recombinant vaccine-like strain poses high risks of lumpy skin disease virus transmission

Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts

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