Capillary zone electrophoresis of graphene oxide and chemically converted graphene

Müller, Marc B.; Quirino, Joselito P.; Nesterenko, Pavel N.; Haddad, Paul R.; Gambhir, Sanjeev; Li, Dan; Wallace, Gordon G.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.069

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…9,50 The extent of oxidation and choice of exfoliation procedures used are critical for controlling the efficiency of exfoliation, lateral sheet size as well as the number of GO layers (Table 2). 47,48,[51][52][53][54][55] As the oxygen content increases in the starting graphite oxide, the efficiency of exfoliation also increases. 47 For example, in their study of the capillary zone electrophoresis of GO, Mueller et al 53 exfoliated graphite oxide using high dilution at different intervals of ultrasonication over 15 h. As observed in the atomic force microscopy images of the resulting GO, the lateral size reduced over that time from the initial 10 μm to 100 nm.…”

Section: Exfoliation Of Graphite Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically converted graphene: scalable chemistries to enable processing and fabrication

et al. 2015

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Graphene, a nanocarbon with exceptional physical and electronic properties, has the potential to be utilized in a myriad of applications and devices. However, this will only be achieved if scalable, processable forms of graphene are developed along with ways to fabricate these forms into material structures and devices. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistries suitable for the development of aqueous and organic solvent graphene dispersions and their use for the preparation of a variety of polymer composites, materials useful for the fabrication of graphene-containing structures and devices. Fabrication of the processable graphene dispersions or composites by printing (inkjet and extrusion) or spinning methods (wet) is reviewed. The preparation and fabrication of liquid crystalline graphene oxide dispersions whose unique rheologies allow the creation of graphene-containing structures by a wide range of industrially scalable fabrication techniques such as spinning (wet and dry), printing (ink-jet and extrusion) and coating (spray and electrospray) is also reviewed.

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Section: Exfoliation Of Graphite Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically converted graphene: scalable chemistries to enable processing and fabrication

et al. 2015

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“…High concentrations of ions would have promoted the aggregation of graphene, as observed in the concentration of ammonium acetate in a CZE study. 3 When 10 mmol dm -3 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used instead of the borax in this MEKC study, the shot signals were serious, which would also be the result of increased ionic concentrations. The consecutive and broad MEKC signal around 12 -13 min increased in the concentration range of Graphene Nanoplatelets from 0.1 to 16 mg/mL.…”

Section: Investigation Of Surfactants For Mekcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene, especially graphene oxide, was characterized by two electrophoretic studies of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). 3,4 The graphene was resolved by the CZE, and its net charge has been discussed based on the migration behavior. Graphenes easily aggregate in an aqueous solution by van der Waals interactions, and it has been recommended to use dilute ammonium acetate buffer to suppress this aggregation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphenes easily aggregate in an aqueous solution by van der Waals interactions, and it has been recommended to use dilute ammonium acetate buffer to suppress this aggregation. 3 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) 5,6 is also an electrophoretic separation method based on the partition/binding of an analyte to an anionic surfactant micelle. Substances are retained to the micelle and resolved by its hydrophobic character.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography of Graphene and Chemically Modified Graphenes with Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

2013

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Graphene and chemically modified graphenes were resolved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a micelle matrix. Graphene was successfully dispersed in a micellar solution, and a consecutive and broad signal was obtained by the MEKC with a 20 mmol dm -3 aqueous SDBS solution for Graphene Nanoplatelets. Chemically oxidized graphene was less retained to the micelle than the Graphene Nanoplatelets by the proposed MEKC, and they were resolved with each other.

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“…13 Photoluminescent GQDs and C-dots are touted for their properties, such as small sizes, intrinsic and stable photoluminescence, biocompatibility, and ease of surface derivitization 11 while showing promise for applications such as chromatographic stationary phases, 14 drug-delivery vehicles, 15 photothermal therapies, 16 photocatalysis, 17 bioimaging, 4 and chemical sensing. 18 Graphene oxide nanosheets are also cited for use in similar applications, including intracellular drug delivery and cellular imaging; 19 in addition, graphene oxide can be chemically converted to graphene, 20 which has a host of exciting applications and fascinating properties that have been at the center of research and innovation in recent years. 21 The synthetic process to produce C-dots from bulk carbon starting materials involves the simultaneous etching (i.e., breaking of C-C bonds) and oxidation of the bulk carbon starting material under acidic conditions; this produces species with hydrophilic moieties at the surfaces, making them water soluble.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Characteristics of Carbon Dots (C-Dots) Derived from Carbon Fibers and Conversion to Sulfur-Bridged C-Dots Nanosheets

et al. 2015

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We synthesized sub-10 nm carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) consistent with photoluminescent carbon dots (C-dots) from carbon fiber starting material. The production of different C-dots fractions was monitored over seven days. During the course of the reaction, one fraction of C-dots species with relatively high photoluminescence was short-lived, emerging during the first hour of reaction but disappearing after one day of reaction. Isolation of this species during the first hour of the reaction was crucial to obtaining higherluminescent C-dots species. When the reaction proceeded for one week, the appearance of larger nanostructures was observed over time, with lateral dimensions approaching 200 nm. The experimental evidence suggests that these larger species are formed from small C-dot nanoparticles bridged together by sulfur-based moieties between the C-dot edge groups, as if the C-dots polymerized by cross-linking the edge groups through sulfur bridges. Their size can be tailored by controlling the reaction time. Our results highlight the variety of CNP products, from sub-10 nm C-dots to $200 nm sulfur-containing carbon nanostructures, that can be produced over time during the oxidation reaction of the graphenic starting material. Our work provides a clear understanding of when to stop the oxidation reaction during the top-down production of Cdots to obtain highly photoluminescent species or a target average particle size.

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Capillary zone electrophoresis of graphene oxide and chemically converted graphene

Cited by 46 publications

References 24 publications

Chemically converted graphene: scalable chemistries to enable processing and fabrication

Chemically converted graphene: scalable chemistries to enable processing and fabrication

Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography of Graphene and Chemically Modified Graphenes with Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

Spectroscopic Characteristics of Carbon Dots (C-Dots) Derived from Carbon Fibers and Conversion to Sulfur-Bridged C-Dots Nanosheets

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