Capacitive Coupling of Conducting Polymer Tattoo Electrodes with the Skin

Ferrari, Laura M.; Ismailov, Usein; Greco, Francesco; Ismailova, Esma

doi:10.1002/admi.202100352

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…The fitted values of CPE sc , CPE c , α and

are provided in supplementary information in Tables S1 and S2 . The value of α was 0.9, similar to the prior research works [ 38 , 39 ], and indicated roughness of skin and non-linear distribution of time constants. The value of

in the range of 0.5–0.6 can be attributed to dissipative effect at the electrode-skin interface [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Stratum corneum properties play a significant role in the capacitive coupling transfer mechanism [ 38 , 51 ]. The fitted parameters for stratum corneum ( R sc , C sc ) on a dry phantom ( Table 2 ), were found to be of the same order of magnitude similar to that of literature, where resistance per unit area is of the order of 10 5 Ω cm 2 (ranging between 0.1–5000 kΩ cm 2 ) and capacitance per unit area is of the order of 30 nF cm −2 [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Goyal

Borkholder

Day

2022

Sensors

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Dry electrodes offer an accessible continuous acquisition of biopotential signals as part of current in-home monitoring systems but often face challenges of high-contact impedance that results in poor signal quality. The performance of dry electrodes could be affected by electrode material and skin hydration. Herein, we investigate these dependencies using a circuit skin-electrode interface model, varying material and hydration in controlled benchtop experiments on a biomimetic skin phantom simulating dry and hydrated skin. Results of the model demonstrate the contribution of the individual components in the circuit to total impedance and assist in understanding the role of electrode material in the mechanistic principle of dry electrodes. Validation was performed by conducting in vivo skin-electrode contact impedance measurements across ten normative human subjects. Further, the impact of the electrode on biopotential signal quality was evaluated by demonstrating an ability to capture clinically relevant electrocardiogram signals by using dry electrodes integrated into a toilet seat cardiovascular monitoring system. Titanium electrodes resulted in better signal quality than stainless steel electrodes. Results suggest that relative permittivity of native oxide of electrode material come into contact with the skin contributes to the interface impedance, and can lead to enhancement in the capacitive coupling of biopotential signals, especially in dry skin individuals.

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“…The fitted values of CPE sc , CPE c , α and

in the range of 0.5–0.6 can be attributed to dissipative effect at the electrode-skin interface [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Goyal

Borkholder

Day

2022

Sensors

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“…1 H and I ). The results showed MxNSPP coated on gold increased the electrode’s Ohmic contact and jet-injected MxNSPP reduced cross-tissue impedance, which is similar to patch electrodes (PEs) ( 30 ) and in vivo polymerization electrodes ( 31 ). Furthermore, a resistance decrease is noted at the stimulation frequency of 20 Hz.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Doping-induced assembly interface for noninvasive in vivo local and systemic immunomodulation

Sha,

Zhao,

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Peripheral neural interfaces, potent in modulating local and systemic immune responses for disease treatment, face significant challenges due to the peripheral nerves’ broad distribution in tissues like the fascia, periosteum, and skin. The incongruity between static electronic components and the dynamic, complex organization of the peripheral nervous system often leads to interface failure, stalling circuit research and clinical applications. To overcome these, we developed a self-assembling, tissue-adaptive electrode composed of a single-component cocktail nanosheet colloid, including dopants, conducting polymers, stabilizers, and an MXene catalyst. Delivered via a jet injector to designated nerve terminals, this assembly utilizes reactive oxygen species to catalytically dope poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), enhancing π–π interactions between nanosheets, and yielding a conductive, biodegradable interface. This interface effectively regulates local immune activity and promotes sensory and motor nerve functional restoration in nerve-injured mice, while engaging the vagal–adrenal axis in freely moving mice, eliciting catecholamine neurotransmitter release, and suppressing systemic cytokine storms. This innovative strategy specifically targets nerve substructures, bolstering local and systemic immune modulation, and paving the way for the development of self-adaptive dynamic neural interfaces.

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“…These changes can be identified and investigated by a device that can interact with layers of the skin [24]. One of the devices that can detect such changes is a capacitive sensor [25,26]. The capacitive sensor can sense hydration changes over large distances depending on the sensor design [27,28].…”

Section: Sensor Design and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible planar capacitive devices for hydration and sweat sensing

Naveed

Jinzhang

Shahzad

et al. 2023

Flex. Print. Electron.

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Skin is one of the most complex structures in the body, with many physiological functions. Skin acts as the barrier or an interface between the external environment and internal organs. Hydration within the skin is varied, known as the skin's water-loading. Perspiration occurs when watery fluid is secreted through the eccrine and apocrine glands. Flexible epidermal sensors are fabricated, which can be used to measure skin hydration and perspiration (sweat) as these sensors need to be skin-conformable. Polyimide (PI) and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are used as they are flexible and skin compliant, and the sensing layer is formed on them. The sensitivity of hydration sensors was in the range of 0.002-0.0046/%, while for sweat sensors, it was in the range of 0.092μl-1 0.116 μl-1. Stability tests indicated that external factors such as environment or physical deformation and skin curvature do not affect the performance of the as-prepared sensors. The sensitivity and stability results of the planar capacitor are highly suitable for flexible hydration and sweat-sensing applications. The proposed sensors offer an outstandingly good option for incorporation into wearable systems for physical personal health monitoring. In the future, we plan to integrate these sensors on a single substrate to create a multimodal device. 

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Capacitive Coupling of Conducting Polymer Tattoo Electrodes with the Skin

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration

Doping-induced assembly interface for noninvasive in vivo local and systemic immunomodulation

Flexible planar capacitive devices for hydration and sweat sensing

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