Cantos de anúncio e de combate de Centrolene lynchi (Anura: Centrolenidae), com notas sobre seu comportamento de combate e reprodutivo

Abstract

Advertisement and combat calls of the glass frog Centrolene lynchi (Anura: Centrolenidae), with notes on combat and reproductive behaviors. We describe the advertisement and combat calls, combat behavior, and reproductive behavior of the glass frog Centrolene lynchi, an endemic species of the cloud forests of Ecuador. The typical advertisement call consists of a tonal note and 1-3 peaked notes, each with 1-3 pulses. Variations on this advertisement call include the addition of a short note before the tonal note, as well as the absence of the tonal note. These modifications may be similar to the described call modifications of other anurans in response to the presence of conspecific females and males, potential predators and/or changes in the sound environment. Additionally, we describe the combat call emitted during previously undescribed venter-toventer combat between males. The discovery of this combat behavior is consistent with the hypothesis that venter-to-venter combat behavior is a shared derived trait of the subfamily Centroleninae. Finally, we describe male reproductive habits and development of the species, including egg attendance by males and implied male parental care.

Glassfrogs of Ecuador: Diversity, Evolution, and Conservation

“…At Reserva Las Gralarias (Lucy's Creek), females place clutches of 21-24 neon green eggs on vegetation in males' territories (n = 4, mean = 22.25, SD = 1.08); most egg clutches are placed on top of large leaves or ferns above a fast-flowing stream at a height of 165-600 cm (n = 14, mean height = 313.3 cm, SD = 78.7). Dautel et al [50] suggested that males provide long-term parental care; however, a more detailed Variation: The dorsum of most examined specimens except one (KU 164695) have spicules and spiculated warts; it is possible that this variation is a result of the reproductive condition of this particular male individual. Females of Centrolene lynchi lack spicules, normal sexual dimorphism in Centrolenidae.…”

“…Frequency information was obtained through fast Fourier transformation, with a 50% window overlap (Hanning window size of 1024 and a frequency window of 43.1 Hz). The following call variables were measured: Call duration, duration between calls, number of notes per call, note duration, duration between notes, dominant frequency, first harmonic, second harmonic [49][50][51] (Table 1). A call is defined as the sound produced in a single exhalation of air.…”

“…Biology and ecology: The following description is from Dautel et al [50]. At Reserva Las Gralarias (Lucy's Creek), females place clutches of 21-24 neon green eggs on vegetation in males' territories (n = 4, mean = 22.25, SD = 1.08); most egg clutches are placed on top of large leaves or ferns above a fast-flowing stream at a height of 165-600 cm (n = 14, mean height = 313.3 cm, SD = 78.7).…”

Re-Description of the Advertisement Call of Vitreorana uranoscopa (Müller, 1924) (Anura, Centrolenidae) from the Argentinean Atlantic Forest, with Notes on Natural History

“…The addition of low amplitude pulses before the well-defined pulsed calls has not been previously reported in the advertisement call of Vitreorana uranoscopa (Barrio, 1968;Heyer et al, 1990). A similar variation has been reported in Centrolene lynchi and called pre-tonal note (Dautel et al, 2011). This temporal modification has been suggested to increase the information content of the advertisement calls of the frog Engystomops pustulosus (Ryan, 2001).…”

Hidden shifts in allometry scaling between sound production and perception in anurans

“…Thus, the information contained in calls determines territorial segregation, reproduction, and their fitness ( e.g. , Giasson & Haddad, 2006 ; Dautel et al, 2011 ). For most anurans, the tympanic membrane is the first structure to capture the external sound waves, transmitting acoustic vibrations to their inner ear.…”