Growing evidence indicates that Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling plays an important role in the maturation of the central nervous system. We report here that Wingless-type family member 5A (Wnt-5a) is expressed early in development and stimulates dendrite spine morphogenesis, inducing de novo formation of spines and increasing the size of the preexisting ones in hippocampal neurons. Wnt-5a increased intracellular calcium concentration in dendritic processes and the amplitude of NMDA spontaneous miniature currents. Acute application of Wnt-5a increased the amplitude of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) in hippocampal slices, an effect that was prevented by calciumchannel blockers. The physiological relevance of our findings is supported by studies showing that Wnt scavengers decreased spine density, miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, and fEPSP amplitude. We conclude that Wnt-5a stimulates different aspects of synaptic differentiation and plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system.T he Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway modulates several developmental processes, and it is activated by the interaction of the Wnt ligand with members of the Frizzled (Fz) family of seven transmembrane cell-surface receptors (1). It has been reported that Wnt signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of neuronal development and connectivity (2), regulating axon guidance and remodeling (3), dendrite development (4), synapse formation, (5) and synaptic plasticity (6, 7). Several components of the Wnt pathway are localized at adult synapses, indicating that the molecular machinery required to transduce Wnt signaling is structurally localized at central synapses (8). Different pathways have been described downstream of Fz receptors: the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical ones which involve intracellular signaling by Ca 2+ (the Wnt/Ca 2+ pathway) and the JNK cascade (the Wnt/JNK pathway) (9, 10). Different canonical Wnt ligands have been shown to modulate the presynaptic region. Wnt-7a increases the clustering of synapsin 1 in cerebellar neurons (3) and regulates the trafficking of the α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to presynaptic terminals in hippocampal neurons (11). In addition, double-mutant mice lacking Wnt-7a and Dishevelled 1 show impaired neurotransmitter release at existing synapses, suggesting a role for Wnt signaling in synaptic transmission (5). Wnt-7a and Wnt-3a were shown to induce the recycling and exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in mature hippocampal neurons and to enhance synaptic transmission in adult hippocampal slices (12). Wnt7a/b levels also were increased in CA3 pyramidal neurons by an enriched environment in which the increase in synapse number at the hippocampal stratum lucidum was shown to be mediated by Wnt signaling (13). Wnt-3a is able to modulate presynaptic differentiation (14,15), and it is released from synapses by an activity-dependent mechanism that facilitates postsynaptic long-term potentiation (6).Recent studies indicated that a different Wnt l...