Cannabis Withdrawal: a Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms and Sex Differences

Schlienz, Nicolas J.; Budney, Alan J.; Lee, Dustin C.; Vandrey, Ryan G.

doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0143-1

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…While these effects have been observed in both males and females, little is known regarding potential sex differences. Further research is necessary to address this question considering that withdrawal symptoms differ between males and females (61–62), and may contribute to sex differences in relapse vulnerability (5,10–11). The efficacy of exercise as an intervention for substance use disorder also has not yet been examined as a function of hormonal status in women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is surprising considering that sex differences are recognized both for withdrawal symptoms in individuals with substance use disorder (e.g., 61–62), and for effects of exercise on negative affect in general populations of women and men (63–64). Of the few recent studies that have considered sex differences (12–13,17), and only one study reported sex-specific analyses (13).…”

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

et al. 2017

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Purpose of Review Exercise is a promising treatment for substance use disorder that may reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. In this review, we discuss recent evidence from clinical and preclinical studies for its efficacy, from a behavioral to a molecular level, in order to understand the exercise conditions that lead to beneficial effects. We also highlight the few recent findings of sex-specific differences. Recent Findings Clinical and preclinical findings show that exercise decreases withdrawal symptoms, including craving, in both males and females. Evidence from clinical studies support the efficacy of exercise to prevent relapse to smoking, although further research is needed to examine sex differences, establish long-term efficacy, and to determine if effects extend to other substance use disorders. Preclinical findings also support the potential utility of exercise to prevent relapse with evidence suggesting that its efficacy is enhanced in males, and mediated by blocking drug-induced adaptations that occur during early abstinence. Summary Sex differences and timing of exercise availability during abstinence should be considered in future studies examining exercise as an intervention for relapse. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise to reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse is needed to guide its development as a sex-specific treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

et al. 2017

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“…However, there are clear challenges in translating findings from animal to human studies including: more controlled experimental conditions, different methods of administration, the tendency to use synthetic forms of cannabinoids, and translational challenges due to the differences between animal and human bodies. Unfortunately, females tend to be underrepresented in human studies despite evidence of a telescoping effect [30].…”

Section: Cannabis Use Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Gender Interactions on the Use and Impact of Recreational Cannabis

Greaves

Hemsing

2020

IJERPH

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Cannabis is the second most frequently used substance in the world and regulated or legalized for recreational use in Canada and fourteen US states and territories. As with all substances, a wide range of sex and gender related factors have an influence on how substances are consumed, their physical, mental and social impacts, and how men and women respond to treatment, health promotion, and policies. Given the widespread use of cannabis, and in the context of its increasing regulation, it is important to better understand the sex and gender related factors associated with recreational cannabis use in order to make more precise clinical, programming, and policy decisions. However, sex and gender related factors include a wide variety of processes, features and influences that are rarely fully considered in research. This article explores myriad features of both sex and gender as concepts, illustrates their impact on cannabis use, and focuses on the interactions of sex and gender that affect three main areas of public interest: the development of cannabis use dependence, the impact on various routes of administration (ROA), and the impact on impaired driving. We draw on two separate scoping reviews to examine available evidence in regard to these issues. These three examples are described and illustrate the need for more comprehensive and precise integration of sex and gender in substance use research, as well as serious consideration of the results of doing so, when addressing a major public health issue such as recreational cannabis use.

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“…Symptoms include anxiety, craving for marijuana, decreased appetite, depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, restlessness, and strange dreams. These symptoms may start after one day of abstinence, peak on days 2‐5, and last up to 14 days . Treatment is typically reassurance and supportive care.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marijuana use in transplantation: A call for clarity

Levi¹,

Montague²,

Thurstone

et al. 2019

Clinical Transplantation

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Transplant centers have varying policies for marijuana (MJ) use in donors, transplant candidates, and recipients. Rationales for these differences range from concerns for fungal complications, impaired adherence, and drug interactions. This paper reviews the current status of MJ policies and practices in transplant centers and results of a survey sent to the American Society of Transplantation (AST) membership by the Executive Committee of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. The purpose of the survey was to compare policies and concerns of MJ use to actual observed complications. Of the 3321 surveys sent, 225 members (8%) responded. Transplant centers varied in their approval processes, differing even in organ types within the same institutions. Furthermore, there was discordance among transplant centers in their perceived risks of marijuana use as opposed to complications actually observed. An increasing number of states continue to legalize medical and recreational MJ resulting in widespread availability. Further research is needed to assess the validity of concerns for complications of MJ use in potential donors and recipients. Ultimately, standardized guidelines should be established based on studies and evidence-based criteria to assist transplant programs in their policies around the use of cannabis in their donors and recipients.

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Cannabis Withdrawal: a Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms and Sex Differences

Cited by 65 publications

References 80 publications

Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

Sex and Gender Interactions on the Use and Impact of Recreational Cannabis

Marijuana use in transplantation: A call for clarity

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