Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence

Crippa, José Alexandre de Souza; Zuardi, Antônio Waldo; Martín‐Santos, Rocío; Bhattacharyya, Sagnik; Atakan, Zerrin; McGuire, Philip; Fusar‐Poli, Paolo

doi:10.1002/hup.1048

Cited by 435 publications

(345 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The mental health of non-dependent frequent cannabis users was better than expected from studies of all (including dependent) frequent users [3,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]20]: although mental disorders were more common in non-dependent users than in the general population (OR = 5.35, P < 0.001), this was largely attributable to (childhood) externalizing disorders (OR = 8.91, P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in the presence of internalizing disorders. Dependent D+ frequent cannabis users with 12-month diagnosis of cannabis dependence (n = 252); D-frequent cannabis users who have never fulfilled criteria for cannabis dependence (n = 269); N2 non-users and non-frequent users in the general population (n = 1072).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…However, other studies found similar rates of internalizing disorders in heavy and infrequent users [6,[17][18][19]. On one hand, these inconsistent findings may be due to small sample size, imprecise and inconsistent measurement of cannabis use or divergence in measures of mood and anxiety problems and disorders [10,11]. On the other hand, they may indicate a variation in the percentages of dependent users, suggesting that associations between internalizing disorders and heavy use without dependence are small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, in most studies the overlap (an estimated 20-50% [8,9]) between dependent users and frequent users is ignored [1][2][3][4][5][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Associations between mental health problems and nondependent frequent use are therefore unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies show higher rates of depression and anxiety in dependent versus non-dependent users and in heavy versus infrequent users [3,6,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, other studies found similar rates of internalizing disorders in heavy and infrequent users [6,[17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

et al. 2013

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Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population van der Pol, P.; Liebregts, N.; de Graaf, R.; ten Have, M.; Korf, D.J.; van den Brink, W.; van Laar, M. Published in: Addiction DOI:10.1111/add.12196 Link to publicationCitation for published version (APA): van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., Korf, D. J., van den Brink, W., & van Laar, M. (2013). Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population. Addiction, 108(8), 1459-1469. DOI: 10.1111/add.12196 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. ABSTRACTAims To compare the prevalence of mental disorders between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population. Design Cross-sectional comparison of interview data. Setting Enriched community sample of frequent cannabis users and a representative sample of non-users and non-frequent users from the general population. Participants A total of 521 young adult (aged 18-30 years) frequent cannabis users, 252 of whom were with DSM-IV cannabis dependence (D+) and 269 without DSM-IV cannabis dependence (D-), and 1072 young adults from the general population. Measurements Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare groups regarding the presence of DSM-IV mental disorders. Detailed measures of cannabis use, childhood adversity and other substance use were considered confounders. Findings Compared with the general population, externalizing disorders were more prevalent in D-[odds ratio (OR) = 8.91, P < 0.001] and most prevalent in D+ (OR = 17.75, P < 0.001), but internalizing disorders were associated only with D+ (mood OR = 4.15, P < 0.001; anxiety OR = 2.20, P = 0.002). Associations were attenuated (and often became non-significant) after correction for childhood adversity and substance use other than cannabis. However, the prevalence of mental disorders remained higher in D+ compared with D-(OR = 2.40, P < 0.001), although cannabis use patterns were remarkably similar. Conclusions Cannabis use patterns, childhood adversity and the use of other substances are similar in dependent and non-dependent frequent cannabis users. With the exception of more externalizing disorders, the mental health ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

et al. 2013

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“…Assim como para psicose 88 e ansiedade 89 , esta revisão reforça a necessidade de investigação cuidadosa de presença concomitante de uso de maconha em pacientes com transtorno bipolar e depressão, bem como a possível presença de transtornos afetivos em indivíduos diagnosticados como usuários dessa substância. Isto pode proporcionar uma abordagem mais adequada, com chances de melhor prognóstico.…”

Section: Conclusãounclassified

Cannabis e humor

Sanches

Marques

2010

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar as relações entre o uso agudo e crônico de cannabis e alterações do humor. Método: Os artigos foram selecionados por meio de busca eletrônica no indexador PubMed. Capítulos de livros e as listas de referências dos artigos selecionados também foram revisados. Resultados: Observam-se elevados índices de comorbidade entre abuso/ dependência de cannabis e transtornos afetivos em estudos transversais e em amostras clínicas. Estudos longitudinais indicam que, em longo prazo, o uso mais intenso de cannabis está relacionado com um risco maior de desenvolvimento de doença bipolar e, talvez, depressão maior em indivíduos inicialmente sem quadros afetivos; porém, os mesmos não encontraram maior risco de uso de cannabis entre aqueles com mania ou depressão sem esta comorbidade. Outra importante observação é que o uso de substâncias psicoativas em bipolares pode estar associado a uma série de características negativas, como dificuldade na recuperação dos sintomas afetivos, maior número de internações, piora na adesão ao tratamento, risco aumentado de suicídio, agressividade e a uma pobre resposta ao lítio. Tratamentos psicossociais e farmacológicos são indicados para o manejo da comorbidade entre cannabis e transtornos afetivos. Conclusão: As relações entre o uso de cannabis e alterações do humor são observadas tanto epidemiologicamente quanto nos contextos clínicos. Descritores IntroduçãoOs efeitos gerais do uso de cannabis sobre o humor e as relações específicas com os transtornos afetivos (transtorno bipolar e depressão) são importantes epidemiologicamente, fornecendo informações significativas para a organização de serviços de saúde mental e para a clínica cotidiana.De forma geral, pode-se considerar duas importantes relações do uso de cannabis com o humor: 1) alterações do seu estado basal, no caso de usuários sem um quadro psiquiátrico estabelecido e 2) desencadeamento ou intensificação de sintomas de alterações psiquiátricas específicas.Os artigos selecionados para presente revisão foram identificados por meio de busca eletrônica no banco de dados PubMed, identificando-se os estudos e revisões da literatura sobre cannabis e humor. Capítulos de livros e as listas de referências dos artigos selecionados também foram revisados Alterações do estado basal do humor O efeito euforizante da cannabis provavelmente é o fator mais importante relacionado com a sua ampla difusão e uso. Usuários relatam frequentemente que essa sensação de euforia,

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Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems

Hill

2015

JAMA

467

322

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Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence

Abstract: The precise relationship between cannabis use and anxiety has yet to be established. Research is needed to fully clarify the mechanisms of such the association.

Cited by 435 publications

References 101 publications

Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

Mental health differences between frequent cannabis users with and without dependence and the general population

Cannabis e humor

Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems

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