Canine parvovirus in Australia: A comparative study of reported rural and urban cases

Zourkas, Elaine; Ward, Michael P.; Kelman, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.009

Cited by 28 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…M. Kelman, et al Preventive Veterinary Medicine 174 (2020) 104816 M. Kelman, et al Preventive Veterinary Medicine 174 (2020) 104816 72.4 % of CPV cases recorded by veterinarians were based on diagnostic testing (Zourkas et al, 2015), and a similar occurrence is probably likely for our study. As the survey was voluntary and prospective, reporting bias may have resulted in under-reporting or over-reporting of cases, especially for hospitals estimating results.…”

Section: Tablesupporting

confidence: 51%

“…A rural predisposition for CPV cases has been reported previously in Australia (Zourkas et al, 2015) and high CPV-seroprevalence has also been reported in rural regions in other countries (Acosta-Jamett et al, 2015;Belsare and Gompper, 2013;Orozco et al, 2014). Potential risk factors for CPV cases in rural regions could include reduced access to veterinary services and reduced vaccination rates, due to a shortage of rural veterinarians (Australian Veterinary Association, 2019), and longer travel distances leading to increased difficulty in maintaining consistent vaccination coverage.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Our multivariate analysis of national data demonstrated this was also a significant variable in our study, confirming this finding. An association between CPV case occurrence and socioeconomic status might be due to vaccine affordability (Brady et al, 2012;Zourkas et al, 2015) or reduced accessibility to veterinary facilities, (Brady et al, 2012;Freiwald et al, 2014) however scientific evidence to support this has been lacking. A perceived lack of affordability of vaccination has been recognized.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Euthanasia is the leading cause of death from CPV in Australia (Ling et al, 2012) with 20,000 CPV cases estimated annually and higher reporting in rural and remote areas and lower socioeconomic regions (Kelman et al, 2019). The reasons for this distribution are not fully understood, however lack of vaccination or an incomplete vaccination course due to affordability issues in these areas is one suggested explanation (Brady et al, 2012;Kelman et al, 2019;Zourkas et al, 2015). Breed, stress, co-infection with other pathogen(s), immunosuppression, and geographic region are reported predisposing factors for infection (Goddard and Leisewitz, 2010;Kalli et al, 2010;Mylonakis et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

Kelman

Barrs

Norris

et al. 2020

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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A B S T R A C TInfection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (> 40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50-110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) -the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (r SP = -0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (r SP = -0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (r SP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.

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Section: Tablesupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

Kelman

Barrs

Norris

et al. 2020

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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“…The small scale of the current cohort does not imply the absence of CPV-2b or CPV-2c in Australia, subtypes that are now dominant in many other countries. As high as 1450 canine parvovirus disease cases are self-reported by veterinarians in Australia annually, through Disease WatchDog, a national disease surveillance program [7,12,13]. Investigation targeting recently identified rural areas with increased prevalence of canine parvovirus by Ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

MT-PCR panel detection of canine parvovirus (CPV-2): Vaccine and wild-type CPV-2 can be difficult to differentiate in canine diagnostic fecal samples

Meggiolaro

Rysnik-Steck

et al. 2017

Molecular and Cellular Probes

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Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) remains an important cause of devastating enteritis in young dogs. It can be successfully prevented with live attenuated CPV-2 vaccines when given at the appropriate age and in the absence of maternal antibody interference. Rapid diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis in young dogs is essential to ensuring suitable barrier nursing protocols within veterinary hospitals. The current diagnostic trend is to use multiplexed PCR panels to detect an array of pathogens commonly responsible for diarrhea in dogs. The multiplexed PCR assays do not distinguish wild from vaccine CPV-2. They are highly sensitive and detect even a low level of virus shedding, such as those caused by the CPV-2 vaccine. The aim of this study was to identify the CPV-2 subtypes detected in diagnostic specimens and rule out occult shedding of CPV-2 vaccine strains. For a total of 21 samples that tested positive for CPV-2 in a small animal fecal pathogens diagnostic multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) panel during 2014-2016 we partially characterized the VP2 gene of CPV-2. Vaccine CPV-2 strain, wild type CPV-2a subtypes and vaccine-like CPV-2b subtypes were detected. High copy number was indicative of wild-type CPV-2a presence, but presence of vaccine-like CPV-2b had a variable copy number in fecal samples. A yardstick approach to a copy number or C-value to discriminate vaccine strain from a wild type virus of CPV-2 can be, in some cases, potentially misleading. Therefore, discriminating vaccine strain from a wild type subtype of CPV-2 remains ambitious.

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Canine Parvovirus and Other Canine Enteropathogens

Doyle

2021

Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters

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Canine parvovirus in Australia: A comparative study of reported rural and urban cases

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia

MT-PCR panel detection of canine parvovirus (CPV-2): Vaccine and wild-type CPV-2 can be difficult to differentiate in canine diagnostic fecal samples

Canine Parvovirus and Other Canine Enteropathogens

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