Canine Distemper Outbreak in Rhesus Monkeys, China

Qiu, Wei; Zheng, Ying; Zhang, Shoufeng; Fan, Quanshui; Liu, Hua; Zhang, Fuqiang; Wang, Wei; Liao, Guoyang; Hu, Rongliang

doi:10.3201/eid1708.101153

Cited by 96 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Most authorized animal suppliers in China receive monkeys from a Guangxi farm and distribute monkeys to researchers throughout the mainland of China. Laboratory investigations of clinical specimens from moribund and/or dead monkeys in the present study and in earlier studies (15,16) fulfilled the two criteria of Koch's postulates: (i) detection of CDV in sick animals and (ii) isolation of CDV in cultured cells. The experimental infection in the study further fulfill the remaining postulates: (iii) induction of a comparable disease in the original host and (iv) reisolation of CDV from experimentally infected animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008

Sakai

Nagata

Ami

et al. 2013

J Virol

123

130

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In that outbreak, 46 monkeys died from severe pneumonia during a quarantine period. A CDV strain (CYN07-dV) was isolated in Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). Phylogenic analysis showed that CYN07-dV was closely related to the recent CDV outbreaks in China, suggesting continuing chains of CDV infection in monkeys. In vitro, CYN07-dV uses macaca SLAM and macaca nectin4 as receptors as efficiently as dog SLAM and dog nectin4, respectively. CYN07-dV showed high virulence in experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys and excreted progeny viruses in oral fluid and feces. These data revealed that some of the CDV strains, like CYN07-dV, have the potential to cause acute systemic infection in monkeys.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Two of them developed neurological symptoms, and one died of encephalitis (14). Recently, large CDV outbreaks have occurred in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at a breeding farm in Guangxi province, China, with a mortality rate of 5 to 30% (15). In 2008, an animal center in Beijing, China, experienced another CDV outbreak in rhesus monkeys (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008

Sakai

Nagata

Ami

et al. 2013

J Virol

123

130

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“…In the absence of concrete evidence, they judged the potential risk of such a jump to be very low. de Swart et al [3] were not so dismissive of the threat from zoonotic morbilliviruses in a post-measles world, observing that canine distemper virus has adapted to cause massive outbreaks in non-human primates [71]. Clearly many unknown factors prevent a definitive assessment of this risk.…”

Section: Application To Other Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vacated niches, competitive release and the community ecology of pathogen eradication

Lloyd‐Smith

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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A recurring theme in the epidemiological literature on disease eradication is that each pathogen occupies an ecological niche, and eradication of one pathogen leaves a vacant niche that favours the emergence of new pathogens to replace it. However, eminent figures have rejected this view unequivocally, stating that there is no basis to fear pathogen replacement and even that pathogen niches do not exist. After exploring the roots of this controversy, I propose resolutions to disputed issues by drawing on broader ecological theory, and advance a new consensus based on robust mechanistic principles. I argue that pathogen eradication (and cessation of vaccination) leads to a ‘vacated niche’, which could be re-invaded by the original pathogen if introduced. Consequences for other pathogens will vary, with the crucial mechanisms being competitive release, whereby the decline of one species allows its competitors to perform better, and evolutionary adaptation. Hence, eradication can cause a quantitative rise in the incidence of another infection, but whether this leads to emergence as an endemic pathogen depends on additional factors. I focus on the case study of human monkeypox and its rise following smallpox eradication, but also survey how these ideas apply to other pathogens and discuss implications for eradication policy.

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“…Canine distemper virus (CDV) is distributed worldwide and affects an expanding range of host species, including domestic and wild canids (1,2), marine mammals (3), felids (2,4,5), procyonids and ursids (6), and nonhuman primates (7)(8)(9). The propensity of CDV for host-switching has raised concerns about both potential risks for humans (10) and extinction threats to endangered wildlife (11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic–wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions

Viana

Cleaveland

Matthiopoulos

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

135

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Morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (CDV), are a growing concern. A propensity for host-switching has resulted in CDV emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. CDV is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and transmission in speciesrich areas or about the potential role of domestic dog vaccination as a means of reducing disease threats to wildlife. We address these questions by analyzing a long-term serological dataset of CDV in lions and domestic dogs from Tanzania's Serengeti ecosystem. Using a Bayesian state-space model, we show that dynamics of CDV have changed considerably over the past three decades. Initially, peaks of CDV infection in dogs preceded those in lions, suggesting that spill-over from dogs was the main driver of infection in wildlife. However, despite dog-to-lion transmission dominating cross-species transmission models, infection peaks in lions became more frequent and asynchronous from those in dogs, suggesting that other wildlife species may play a role in a potentially complex maintenance community. Widespread mass vaccination of domestic dogs reduced the probability of infection in dogs and the size of outbreaks but did not prevent transmission to or peaks of infection in lions. This study demonstrates the complexity of CDV dynamics in natural ecosystems and the value of long-term, large-scale datasets for investigating transmission patterns and evaluating disease control strategies.cross-species transmission | multihost pathogens | reservoirs | state-space models | serology T he genus Morbillivirus includes highly contagious, and often fatal, RNA viruses that cause diseases of great public health, economic, and conservation concern, such as measles, rinderpest, and canine distemper. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is distributed worldwide and affects an expanding range of host species, including domestic and wild canids (1, 2), marine mammals (3), felids (2, 4, 5), procyonids and ursids (6), and nonhuman primates (7-9). The propensity of CDV for host-switching has raised concerns about both potential risks for humans (10) and extinction threats to endangered wildlife (11-13).Although previously thought to be nonpathogenic in cats, outbreaks among large captive felids in the 1990s drew attention to CDV as a potential conservation threat to felids (2). The beststudied example of CDV infection in free-ranging felids comes from Tanzania's Serengeti ecosystem (Fig. 1A), where a CDV epidemic in 1994 killed ∼30% of lions (Panthera leo) and affected several Significance Morbilliviruses are a growing concern because of their ability to infect multiple species. The spill-over of canine distemper virus (CDV) from domestic dogs has been associated with severe declines in wild carnivores worldwide, and therefore mass...

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Canine Distemper Outbreak in Rhesus Monkeys, China

Cited by 96 publications

References 14 publications

Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008

Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008

Vacated niches, competitive release and the community ecology of pathogen eradication

Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic–wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions

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