Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009

Martella, Vito; Bianchi, Alessandro; Bertoletti, I.; Pedrotti, Luca; Gugiatti, Alessandro; Catella, Alessia; Cordioli, Paolo; Lucente, Maria Stella; Elia, Gabriella; Buonavoglia, Canio

doi:10.3201/eid1612.100579

Cited by 38 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Great variations in CD-related clinical parameters, including duration, severity and clinical symptoms of disease were previously described in experimentally or naturally infected animals (Nielsen et al, 2009;Jensen et al, 2015;Martella et al, 2010). The severity of these parameters depends on the susceptibility of the host species, the age of the animal and the properties of the virus strain ( In this study, experimental infection with CDV induced severe or moderate clinical symptoms and histological changes of disease in raccoon dogs and foxes (virulence scores: raccoon dogs = 2.6, presented the means ± SEM from five animals for each species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and minks (Neovison vison) are also susceptible to CDV infections with high mortality (Zhao et al, 2010aCha et al, 2012;Nikolin et al, 2012b;Martella et al, 2010). Previous field epidemiology and observational studies in China suggested that CDV infection was more common and more relevant clinically in raccoon dogs and foxes than in minks (Zhao et al, 2010a;Wang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks

et al. 2015

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks

et al. 2015

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The outbreak has affected widely different regions of northern Italy [1], [2] which share international borders with Switzerland and Austria to the north and Slovenia to the east (Figure 1). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 2006 the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-eastern Italy has experienced an epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV). Additionally, in 2008, after a thirteen-year absence from Italy, fox rabies was re-introduced in the Udine province at the national border with Slovenia. Disease intervention strategies are being developed and implemented to control rabies in this area and minimise risk to human health. Here we present empirical data and the epidemiological picture relating to these epidemics in the period 2006–2010. Of important significance for epidemiological studies of wild animals, basic mathematical models are developed to exploit information collected from the surveillance program on dead and/or living animals in order to assess the incidence of infection. These models are also used to estimate the rate of transmission of both diseases and the rate of vaccination, while correcting for a bias in early collection of CDV samples. We found that the rate of rabies transmission was roughly twice that of CDV, with an estimated effective contact between infected and susceptible fox leading to a new infection occurring once every 3 days for rabies, and once a week for CDV. We also inferred that during the early stage of the CDV epidemic, a bias in the monitoring protocol resulted in a positive sample being almost 10 times more likely to be collected than a negative sample. We estimated the rate of intake of oral vaccine at 0.006 per day, allowing us to estimate that roughly 68% of the foxes would be immunised. This was confirmed by field observations. Finally we discuss the implications for the eco-epidemiological dynamics of both epidemics in relation to control measures.

show abstract

“…Software analysis revealed the presence of 7 potential N-glycosylation sites (ectodomain) in the H protein overlapping with those observed in the strains detected during the 2002 and 2009-2010 CDV outbreaks in Switzerland and in those from recent CDV outbreaks in Italy and Germany. 10,21,23,31 OPXV poxDNApol and poxH genes. The PCR amplicon obtained for poxDNApol was 178 bp long and was detected in all the tissues available.…”

Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Combined Infection With Canine Distemper Virus and Orthopoxvirus in a Group of Asian Marmots (Marmota caudata)

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A fatal combined infection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and orthopoxvirus (OPXV) in Asian marmots (Marmota caudata) is reported in this article. A total of 7 Asian marmots from a small zoological garden in Switzerland were found dead in hibernation during a routine check in the winter of 2011. The marmots died in February 2011. No clinical signs of disease were observed at any time. The viruses were detected in all individuals for which the tissues were available (n = 3). Detection of the viruses was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The most consistent gross lesion was a neck and thorax edema. A necrotizing pharyngitis and a multifocal necrotizing pneumonia were observed histologically. Numerous large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were seen in the epithelial cells of the pharynx, of the airways, and in the skin keratinocytes. Brain lesions were limited to mild multifocal gliosis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the marmot CDV strain was closely related to the clusters of CDVs detected in Switzerland in wild carnivores during a local outbreak in 2002 and the 2009-2010 nationwide epidemic, suggesting a spillover of this virus from wildlife. The OPXV was most closely related to a strain of cowpoxvirus, a poxvirus species considered endemic in Europe. This is the first reported instance of CDV infection in a rodent species and of a combined CDV and OPXV infection.

show abstract

Canine Distemper Epizootic among Red Foxes, Italy, 2009

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks

Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks

Rabies and Canine Distemper Virus Epidemics in the Red Fox Population of Northern Italy (2006–2010)

Fatal Combined Infection With Canine Distemper Virus and Orthopoxvirus in a Group of Asian Marmots (Marmota caudata)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About