Canine Circovirus 1 (CaCV-1) and Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2)

Abstract

Recurrent outbreaks of sudden death and bloody diarrhea were reported in March 2013 and February 2014 in a breeding colony of Papillon dogs. During the first outbreak, 1 adult dog and 2 eight-month-old puppies died. During the second outbreak, 2 ten-week-old puppies died. One puppy from the first outbreak and 2 puppies from the second outbreak were examined at necropsy. Histologically, all 3 puppies had severe segmental crypt necrosis of the small intestine and marked lymphoid follicle depletion in the spleen and Peyer's patches. Real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated abundant canine parvovirus (CPV-2) DNA (Ct<15) in the affected small intestine, and immunohistochemistry detected large amounts of CPV-2 antigen in intestinal crypt epithelium and Kupffer cells but few positive macrophages in lymphoid organs. All puppies had marked sinusoidal histiocytosis and multifocal granulomatous inflammation in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, prompting additional RT-PCR testing for canine circovirus 1 (CaCV-1). Very high levels of CaCV-1 DNA (Ct<13) were detected in small intestine, lymph nodes, and spleen. In situ hybridization for CaCV-1 detected rare positive nuclei of regenerating crypt epithelium but abundant amounts of CaCV-1 nucleic acid in the cytoplasm and nuclei of histiocytes in all lymphoid tissues, including granulomatous inflammatory foci and hepatic Kupffer cells. Significant levels of CaCV-1 DNA were detected in blood and serum (Ct as low as 13) but not feces from 3 surviving dogs at 2 months or 1 year after the outbreak, respectively. We hypothesize that CPV-2 infection predisposed dogs to CaCV-1 infection and ultimately resulted in more severe clinical disease.

Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study

“…The results from these findings have demonstrated that most puppies (80%; 12/15) submitted for routine autopsy were infected by two or more infectious disease pathogens. These results are similar to those described in other studies that examined one 5 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 35 or more dogs 7 , 18 , 19 , 24 , 25 , to identify infectious disease pathogens by using several diagnostic methods. The location (cytoplasmic or nuclear) for the labelling of the antigens for all infectious disease pathogens observed during this study is consistent with previous studies 26 , 36 .…”

“…Moreover, recently CDV has been identified in dogs simultaneously with emerging viral infectious agents including Canine kobuvirus 22 , Canine pneumovirus 23 , and Canine respiratory coronavirus 6 , 23 . Additionally, studies have detected canine infectious disease agents due to the amplification of nucleic acids in symptomatic 6 , 23 – 25 and asymptomatic 19 dogs by molecular assays. Alternatively studies have combined the pattern of organ disease observed by histopathology with electron microscopy 20 , immunohistochemistry (IHC) 8 , 12 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 and/or the molecular identification 8 , 10 , 12 , 18 , 22 , 27 of infectious disease agents of dogs.…”

Novel canine circovirus strains from Thailand: Evidence for genetic recombination

“…Infection with CanineCV-1, recently re-classified as ‘CanineCV’ 7 , has been associated with several disease entities accompanied by manifestations like vasculitis, hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and diarrhea 2 , 7 – 9 , although it is also detected in healthy dogs 1 , 8 , 10 . Interestingly, dogs infected with CanineCV are often co-infected with other enteric or respiratory pathogens 2 , 7 , 10 , 11 . Therefore, the pathogenic role of CanineCV is not clear.…”

Duck “beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome” disease complex: Interplay of novel goose parvovirus-related virus and duck circovirus?

“…DuCV infection may cause immunosuppression in ducks and the predisposed ducks are prone to be coinfected by other bacterial and viral pathogens (Soike et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2009). The coinfection cases of parvovirus and circovirus were detected in pigs (Sun et al, 2015), canines (Anderson et al, 2017;Thaiwong, Wise, Maes, Mullaney, & Kiupel, 2016) and wild carnivores (Zaccaria et al, 2016).…”