Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management

Abstract

Canine and feline obesity rates have reached pandemic proportions and are similar to those in humans, with approximately 30%–40% of dogs and cats being overweight to obese. Obesity has been associated with other health problems, including osteoarthritis, renal disease, skin disease, insulin resistance, and neoplasia in dogs, while in cats obesity is associated with dermatological issues, diabetes mellitus, neoplasia, and urolithiasis. The health issues appear to be slightly different across the two species, which may be due to some inherent differences in the hormonal milieu involved in obesity that differs between the dog and the cat. In this review, we discuss the complicated nature of the pathogenesis of obesity, the hormonal stimulus for orexigenic and anorexigenic behavior, adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and most importantly, clinical management of the number one disease in canine and feline medicine.

Dietary intake of amino acids and vitamins compared to NRC requirements in obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss

“…What is not agreed upon is the starting point for energy restriction. Various equations have been reported in literature [ 4 , 5 , 22 – 24 ], including the equation that was used in the present study [ 4 , 22 ]. This equation is less conservative than other equations and provides energy allocation that is about 25% less than what is recommended by manufacturer of the food used for weight loss.…”

“…Energy requirement for weight loss was calculated using the eq. 0.6 X (130 kcal X kg BW^0.4) [ 4 , 22 ] using ideal BW for each cat in the obese group (O-RESRICT). Bloodwork performed included an initial CBC and biochemistry to confirm health prior to enrollment, followed by a partial biochemistry panel, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), after the 4-week maintenance period for L-MAINT and O-MAINT and again at the end of the 10 week restriction period for O-RESTRICT.…”

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“…Most of the drug except antipsychotics doesn't possess any side-effects of inducing obesity. These drugs are believed to impair mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids, decrease energy expenditure and altered activity of hypothalamic leptin and neuropeptide Y which ultimately results obese condition in dogs [10].…”

Changes in the Glutathione System of Cat Blood under Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity

“…Ожиріння, цукровий діабет -найрозповсюдженіші нині незаразні патології дрібних м'ясоїдних тварин. За даними різноманітних джерел надлишкову масу та ожиріння діагностують у 30-40% котів та собак, патологія набуває пандемічних масштабів (Allan et al, 2000;Colliard et al, 2009;Loftus and Warkshlag, 2014). Варто зазначити, що для котів, окрім усіх інших факторів, важливим є специфічний підхід господарів тварин до даної проблеми, оскільки більшість не вважає надлишкову масу проблемою.…”

“…Ожиріння у котів ініціює виникнення інших патологій: дерматологічних проблем, цукрового діабету, сечокам'яної хвороби, неоплазії (Martin and Rand, 2000;Loftus and Warkshlag, 2014;Nelson and Reusch, 2014). Молекулярно-біохімічні процеси, що лежать в основі розвитку ожиріння та цукрового діабету, вивчені досить детально, оскільки мають багато спільних рис з такими у людини.…”