Candidiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis and Other Vaginal Conditions Affecting the Vulva

Vieira‐Baptista, Pedro; Bornstein, Jacob

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61621-6_24

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“… 14 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common diseases in women of reproductive age. 15 The prevalence of BV in China ranged from 5.9% to 15.4%. 16 However, in the United States, this number was 16.3% to 29.2%, 17 in South America 5.6%, 18 and it reached up to 50% in Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors

Yasin

Ayalew

Dagnaw

et al. 2021

IDR

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors

Yasin

Ayalew

Dagnaw

et al. 2021

IDR

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“…Wet mount microscopy (WMM) is effective in the diagnosis of BV and Candida spp., but performs poorly for trichomoniasis. Few clinicians are properly trained and few use it regularly (17% in the USA) 3–5 . There is a need for a test evaluating these entities, in a reasonable amount of time and at an affordable price.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnosis of trichomoniasis is recommended to be performed by NAATs. Diagnosis of candidiasis by NAATs has also been shown to be feasible, and even to have increased sensitivity 3,12 . However, the molecular diagnosis of BV has been more difficult: it is a complex condition, characterised by depletion of lactobacilli and overgrowth of mainly facultative and anaerobic bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical validation of a new molecular test (Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis) for the diagnosis of vaginitis: a cross‐sectional study

Vieira‐Baptista

Silva²,

Costa³

et al. 2021

BJOG

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Objective To validate the use of Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis assay in the diagnosis of candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis. Design Cross‐sectional, prospective study conducted in a single centre. Setting Outpatient clinic of a gynaecology department. Population Consecutive symptomatic and asymptomatic women (18–60 years of age). Methods Comparison of the assay test with the reference standards for the diagnosis of vaginitis (cultures for yeasts, Nugent for BV and nucleic acid amplification test for trichomoniasis). Main outcome measures Performance of the investigational assay, in comparison with the reference standards for the diagnosis of the presence of Candida spp., Trichomonas vaginalis and BV. Secondary objectives are the evaluation of the performance of the test in postmenopausal women and in symptomatic women. Results A diagnosis of vaginitis was established in 14.0%. The global prevalences of BV, Candida spp. and T. vaginalis were 22.3%, 13.2% and 2.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay test for those three causes of vaginitis were as follows: BV 91.7% and 86.6%; any Candida spp. 91.1% and 95.6%; Candida albicans 88.1% and 98.2%, non‐albicans Candida 100% and 97.5%, and T. vaginalis 94.4 and 99.9%. The performance of the test was identical in the subgroup of women that reported vulvovaginal symptoms. The presence of multiple infections did not interfere with the performance of the test. Conclusions The Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis assay has an excellent performance in the diagnosis of the BV and presence of Candida; the results were good for trichomoniasis, but the study was underpowered for this outcome. Tweetable abstract Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis is an excellent option for screening and diagnosis of vaginitis.

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“…10 Vaginal candidiasis may lead to pregnancy complications such as abortion, premature birth, low birth weight and other morbidities. 6,8 BV, VVC and TV affect about 6% women. 11 These infections are associated with vaginal discharge and particularly affect women of low socio-economic background and low literacy level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is vaginal discharge a natural or pathological problem in pregnant women associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes?: A cross-sectional study

Khaskheli¹,

Baloch²,

Baloch³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective: To differentiate between normal and pathological vaginal discharge (PVD) in pregnant women and to identify causes of and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with PVD. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Outpatient antenatal clinics. Population / Sample: Pregnant women, Convenience sample (N=85). Methods: Data were collected through history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Data analysed by frequencies, descriptive statistics and Chi-Squared tests. Main outcome measures: Vaginal discharge (VD), age, gestation, parity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: Women's mean age was 27.4 (±4.67) years. Majority of women were 26-31 years old (40%), 28-35 weeks pregnant (34%) and primigravida (41%). Of 89% (n=76) women with VD, 32% (n=24) had normal VD and 68% (n=52) PVD. Normal VD was watery (100%) and odourless (96%) while PVD was yellowish curd like (33%) and foul smelling (52%). PVD was significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis (P < 0.0001), candidiasis (P = 0.005) and trichomoniasis (P = 0.018). A higher proportion of women with PVD reported irritation (P < 0.0001), pain (P < 0.0001), uterine contractions (P < 0.0001), premature membrane rupture (P < 0.0001), abortion (P < 0.042), pre-term delivery (P < 0.0001) and post-partum endometritis (P < 0.0001). PVD was also associated with low birth weight (P < 0.0001), low Apgar score at birth (P < 0.0001), respiratory distress syndrome (P < 0.0001), intensive neonatal care hospitalisation (P = 0.001) and early neonatal death (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Vaginal discharge in pregnancy requires early investigation to avoid any adverse fetomaternal outcomes associated with pathological vaginal discharge.

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Candidiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis and Other Vaginal Conditions Affecting the Vulva

Cited by 13 publications

References 154 publications

Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors

Vulvovaginitis Prevalence Among Women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Special Emphasis on Aerobic Vaginitis Causing Bacterial Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors

Clinical validation of a new molecular test (Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis) for the diagnosis of vaginitis: a cross‐sectional study

Is vaginal discharge a natural or pathological problem in pregnant women associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes?: A cross-sectional study

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