‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, a novel taxon from Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis

Schneider, Bernd; Torres, E.; Martín, María P.; Schröder, Manfred; Behnke, H.–Dietmar; Seemüller, E.

doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63285-0

Cited by 82 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the 16S rDNA cladogram, the group 16SrXXI phytoplasmas clustered with Ca. Phytoplasma castanea as described by Schneider et al [21], consistent with the concept that these phytoplasmas shared a common ancestor ( Figure 5). In the secA phylogenetic tree, PineBT, PineRShN, PineYShN, PineBL, and PsylLap2 phytoplasmas were separated according to geographical region where found ( Figure 6).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis and Alignments Of 16s Rdna And Seca Gesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Phytoplasma pini-infected Scots pine trees in Germany and Poland [20,21] were observed rarely on phytoplasma-infected Scots and mountain pine trees in Lithuania. The most common symptoms were dwarfed needles that ranged in color from yellow to reddish, and dried branches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2011, we observed diseased pine trees (P. sylvestris and P. mugo) exhibiting similar (red short needles, yellow dwarfed needles, dried shoots and ball-like structures) symptoms in the unique pine forest ecosystem of the Neringa peninsula, UNESCO protected Curonian Spit of western Lithuania (latitude/longitude: 55.137219/20.803179). Recent reports of phytoplasmas in diseased coniferous plants elsewhere [18][19][20][21][22] prompted us to question whether the disease of pine trees in Curonian Spit and southern Lithuania may be due to infection by a phytoplasma. A preliminary synoptic report of a phytoplasma infecting Scots pine trees in Southern Lithuania and pine trees in Curonian Spit have been published in abstract form [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Valiunas

Jomantienė

Ivanauskas

et al. 2015

Forests

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Although mainly known as pathogens that affect angiosperms, phytoplasmas have recently been detected in diseased coniferous plants. In 2008-2014, we observed, in the Curonian Spit of Western Lithuania and in forests of Southern Lithuania (Varena district), diseased trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo) with unusual symptoms similar to those caused by phytoplasmas. Diseased trees exhibited excessive branching, dwarfed reddish or yellow needles, dried shoots and ball-like structures. restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that individual trees were infected by Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma pini-related strains (members of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrXXI-A) or by Ca. Phytoplasma asteris-related strains (subgroup 16SrI-A). Of the nearly 300 trees that were sampled, 80% were infected by phytoplasma. Ninety-eight percent of the positive samples were identified as Ca. Phytoplasma pini-related strains. Strains belonging to subgroup 16SrI-A were OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 6 2470 identified from only few trees. Use of an additional molecular marker, secA, supported the findings. This study provides evidence of large-scale infection of Pinus by Ca. Phytoplasma pini in Lithuania, and it reveals that this phytoplasma is more widespread geographically than previously appreciated. This is also the first report of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrI-A in pine trees.

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Section: Phylogenetic Analysis and Alignments Of 16s Rdna And Seca Gesupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Valiunas

Jomantienė

Ivanauskas

et al. 2015

Forests

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“…Phytoplasmas, formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms of plants, form a monophyletic group in the order Acholeplasmatales (51) and were recently assigned to a novel genus, "Candidatus Phytoplasma" (41). Approximately 20 phytoplasma phylogenetic groups have been proposed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and new branches are continuously being discovered (69,85). Members of the order Acholeplasmatales are distinct from other mollicutes in several ways.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts

Bai

Zhang

Ewing³

et al. 2006

J Bacteriol

340

447

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Phytoplasmas ("CandidatusPhytoplasmaThe phylogenetic tree of mollicutes is composed of two major clades that diverged early in evolution (51). One clade contains the orders Acholeplasmatales and Anaeroplasmatales (AAA clade mollicutes), and the other clade contains the orders Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales (SEM clade mollicutes) (9). Phytoplasmas, formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms of plants, form a monophyletic group in the order Acholeplasmatales (51) and were recently assigned to a novel genus, "Candidatus Phytoplasma" (41). Approximately 20 phytoplasma phylogenetic groups have been proposed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and new branches are continuously being discovered (69,85). Members of the order Acholeplasmatales are distinct from other mollicutes in several ways. For instance, whereas most mollicutes use UGA as a tryptophan codon instead of a stop codon, a feature they share with mitochondria, the acholeplasmas and phytoplasmas retained UGA as a stop codon (80).

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“…All of these studies necessitate the development of methods for diagnosis that rely on the molecular detection of phytoplasma DNA (8,19). Most phytoplasmas have been classified according to 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles into 14 to 20 groups (24,49), and 20 "Candidatus Phytoplasma" species have been described (16,46). Differentiation of phytoplasmas occupying distinct biological niches but displaying less than 3% divergence in 16S rRNA genes must be achieved by comparing genetic loci other than 16S rRNA genes (27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stolbur Phytoplasma Genome Survey Achieved Using a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Approach with High Specificity

Cimerman¹,

Arnaud²,

Foissac³

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Phytoplasmas are unculturable bacterial plant pathogens transmitted by phloem-feeding hemipteran insects. DNA of phytoplasmas is difficult to purify because of their exclusive phloem location and low abundance in plants. To overcome this constraint, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was modified and used to selectively amplify DNA of the stolbur phytoplasma infecting a periwinkle plant. Plasmid libraries were constructed, and the origins of the DNA inserts were verified by hybridization and PCR screenings. After a single round of SSH, there was still a significant level of contamination with plant DNA (around 50%). However, the modified SSH, which included a second round of subtraction (double SSH), resulted in an increased phytoplasma DNA purity (97%). Results validated double SSH as an efficient way to produce a genome survey for microbial agents unavailable in culture. Assembly of 266 insert sequences revealed 181 phytoplasma genetic loci which were annotated. Comparative analysis of 113 kbp indicated that among 217 protein coding sequences, 83% were homologous to "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" (OY-M strain) genes, with hits widely distributed along the chromosome. Most of the stolbur-specific SSH sequences were orphan genes, with the exception of two partial coding sequences encoding proteins homologous to a mycoplasma surface protein and riboflavin kinase.Phytoplasmas are responsible for plant diseases that damage annual crops as well as perennial cultures such as fruit trees and grapevine (24). These pathogens multiply within the phloem cells of the host plant and are transmitted from plant to plant by phloem-feeding insects (51). As of today, the many diseases induced by phytoplasmas cannot be cured, and the control of disease spread consists of implementing prophylactic measures, such as quarantine, destruction of infected plant material, and pesticide treatment against the insect vectors. Implementing control of phytoplasma-induced diseases requires the taxonomic characterization of the agent, the determination of its plant host range, and the identification of its insect vector(s) (25). All of these studies necessitate the development of methods for diagnosis that rely on the molecular detection of phytoplasma DNA (8,19). Most phytoplasmas have been classified according to 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles into 14 to 20 groups (24, 49), and 20 "Candidatus Phytoplasma" species have been described (16, 46). Differentiation of phytoplasmas occupying distinct biological niches but displaying less than 3% divergence in 16S rRNA genes must be achieved by comparing genetic loci other than 16S rRNA genes (27). Whereas important progress has been made regarding phytoplasma classification and ecology, phytoplasma phytopathogenicity and mechanisms of phytoplasma transmission by insects are still poorly understood and will benefit from the knowledge and the comparative analysis of phytoplasma genomes.However, isolating phytoplasma DNA is still hampered by the...

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‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, a novel taxon from Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis

Cited by 82 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts

Stolbur Phytoplasma Genome Survey Achieved Using a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Approach with High Specificity

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