Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, And State Trading Enterprises

Hoekman, Bernard; Trachtman, Joel P.

doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4337

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The United States brought a case within the dispute settlement of the WTO against the Canadian Wheat Board with the argument that the regime under which that STE operated violated the notion of commercial behavior. The panel and Appellate Body found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state trading enterprises was nondiscrimination; operating under "commercial considerations" was not an independent obligation, but the potentially noncommercial nature of some operations could be used as a test of discrimination (see Hoekman and Trachtman 2007).…”

Section: State Trading Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroeconomics, agriculture, and food security: A guide to policy analysis in developing countries

Institute¹

2015

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Why write a book on macroeconomic policies and their links to agriculture and food security in developing countries? The food price spikes of the years just prior to 2010 and the economic, political, and social dislocations they generated refocused the attention of policymakers and development practitioners on the agricultural sector and food security concerns. But even without those traumatic events, the importance of agriculture for developing countries—and for an adequate functioning of the world economy— cannot be denied. First, although declining over time, primary agriculture still represents important percentages of developing countries’ overall domestic production, exports, and employment. If agroindustrial, transportation, commercial, and other related activities are also counted, then the economic and social importance of agriculture-based sectors increases significantly. Furthermore, large numbers of the world’s poor still live in rural areas and work in agriculture. Through the links via production, trade, employment, and prices, agricultural production is also crucial for national food security. Second, it has been shown that agriculture in developing countries has important growth and employment multipliers for the rest of the economy, and agriculture seems to have larger positive effects in reducing poverty than growth in other sectors. Third, agriculture is not only important for individual developing countries, but it has global significance, considering the large presence of developing countries in world agricultural production and the increasing participation in international trade of those products (these three points will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 1).Chapter 1 Agriculture, Growth, Poverty, and Food Security 3 Chapter 2 Macroeconomic Policies: Some Definitions and Conceptual Issues 31 Chapter 3 Contextual Factors: Country Heterogeneity and Global Economic Conditions 53 Part 2 MACROECONOMIC DATA, BALANCES, AND ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES Chapter 4 Macroeconomic Data 97 Chapter 5 A Simplified Macroeconomic Framework 133 Chapter 6 Macroeconomic Consistency: Main Macro Balances 155 Chapter 7 Macro Balances in Product, Factor, and Asset Markets 195BookPRIFPRI1; CRP2; A Ensuring Sustainable food production; C Improving markets and trade; F Strengthening institutions and governanceMTID; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM

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Section: State Trading Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroeconomics, agriculture, and food security: A guide to policy analysis in developing countries

Institute¹

2015

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“…Canada-Wheat was the first WTO panel to consider the substance of Canada's marketing model for Western Canadian wheat and barley. It was also the first test of the WTO's regulation of STEs under GATT Article XVII (Hoekman and Trachtman, 2007). The first section contains an overview of the place of state trading enterprises in international trade and examines the cases for and against this form of producer support.…”

Section: Since Coming To Power In 2006 the Federal Conservatives Ledmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The WTO panel found that the primary discipline of GATT Article XVII:1 governing STEs was non-discrimination, and operating on the basis of 'commercial' considerations, as commerce was defined in the American argument, was not an independent obligation (Hoekman and Trachtman, 2007). Canadian structural adjustment is usually explained by a number of factors, the most important being American political pressure and international trade agreements (Clarkson, 2001).…”

Section: Since Coming To Power In 2006 the Federal Conservatives Ledmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does the Future Hold for the Canadian Wheat Board? Trade Friction, Dispute Settlement and State Support for Agriculture in North America

Froese

2008

SSRN Journal

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This paper examines the substance of the WTO panel decision for Canada-Wheat as it relates to the ongoing debate about the future of the Canadian Wheat Board. In this case, the WTO upheld the legality of Canada's marketing board for wheat and barley. The decision suggests that trade discipline may play less of a role in Canada's ongoing adjustment processes than other factors such as proximity to American markets and other competitive pressures that result from exposure to global markets. Furthermore, in aggregate terms, Canada and the US have been adjusting levels of support downwards over the past decade. What then is the future of the CWB? Dismantling the CWB may fit Canada's long-term industrial development pattern. However, in the immediate future the federal government must carefully consider the implications of removing programs that provide security for domestic producers -especially in light of aggressively protectionist sentiment in the American agriculture sector.

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“…The WTO decision required that state trading enterprises must behave in a non-discriminatory fashion but found no independent obligation to behave in accordance with commercial considerations (Hoekman and Trachtman, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modernising Canada's agricultural policies

2008

OECD Economic Surveys: Canada 2008

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The agricultural sector in Canada is relatively large, compared to those in most other G7 countries. In recent years, the federal and provincial governments have undertaken a number of sectoral reforms to meet the competitiveness and environmental challenges that it faces. The federal government has tried to end a marketing monopoly in the barley market and may do so for wheat as well. The next generation of agriculture and agri-food policy is being finalised, and implementation of the first part of a new framework, Growing Forward, has begun. But a steady stream of ad hoc programmes in recent years has had significant budgetary costs and no doubt created moral hazard among farmers. There is scope for further liberalisation in supply-managed sectors, which are heavily protected and subsidised by consumers. Moreover, Canada's bio-energy production, in particular the production of second-generation bio-ethanol (from cellulose), is under pressure in light of less costly bio-energy production overseas. Against this background, governments are striving to ensure the long-term viability of the sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Survey of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/canada).

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Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, And State Trading Enterprises

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Macroeconomics, agriculture, and food security: A guide to policy analysis in developing countries

Macroeconomics, agriculture, and food security: A guide to policy analysis in developing countries

What Does the Future Hold for the Canadian Wheat Board? Trade Friction, Dispute Settlement and State Support for Agriculture in North America

Modernising Canada's agricultural policies

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