Canada and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Lessons Learned on Implementation and Compliance

Wyatt, Tanya

doi:10.1007/s10991-020-09267-8

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…It is not surprising that barcoding is highly desirable for customs and national authorities in the conservation area of rare wildlife. International conventions such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) have categorized more than 35,000 species as threatened by extinction (Wyatt 2020 ). And DNA barcodes have been demonstrated to be helpful to monitor illegal collection and trade of protected species and their products when morphological characters were equivocal (Chapagain et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Practical Utilities Of Dna Barcodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life barcoded by DNA barcodes

Guo

Yuan

Tao

et al. 2022

Conservation Genet Resour

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The modern concept of DNA-based barcoding for cataloguing biodiversity was proposed in 2003 by first adopting an approximately 600 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene to compare via nucleotide alignments with known sequences from specimens previously identified by taxonomists. Other standardized regions meeting barcoding criteria then are also evolving as DNA barcodes for fast, reliable and inexpensive assessment of species composition across all forms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. Consequently, global DNA barcoding campaigns have resulted in the formation of many online workbenches and databases, such as BOLD system, as barcode references, and facilitated the development of mini-barcodes and metabarcoding strategies as important extensions of barcode techniques. Here we intend to give an overview of the characteristics and features of these barcode markers and major reference libraries existing for barcoding the planet’s life, as well as to address the limitations and opportunities of DNA barcodes to an increasingly broader community of science and society.

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Section: Practical Utilities Of Dna Barcodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life barcoded by DNA barcodes

Guo

Yuan

Tao

et al. 2022

Conservation Genet Resour

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“…Together with the EFM, the Green Criminology has the task of analyzing all the criminal processes connected to the natural environment [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The green criminology addresses forms of crime that harm the environment, but that are often ignored in the mainstream criminological research [ 40 ].…”

Section: Environmental (Green) Criminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment, Environmental Crimes, Environmental Forensic Medicine, Environmental Risk Management and Environmental Criminology

et al. 2022

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Forensic medicine has always held the human environment, either seen as a source for pathological agents or the background of judicial events, in great consideration. The concept of the environment has evolved through time, expanding itself to include all the physical and virtual sub-spaces in which we exist. We can nowadays talk of technoenvironmental reality; virtual spaces exploded because of the COVID-19 pandemic making us come to terms with the fact that those are the places where we work, where we socialize and, even, where we meet our doctors and can be cured. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has contributed to shaping new virtual realities that have got their own rules yet to be discovered, carved and respected. We already fight a daily battle to save our natural environment: along with the danger of green crimes, comes the need for environmental justice and environmental forensic medicine that will probably develop a forensic branch and an experimental branch, to implement our technical culture leading to definition of the real dimension of the risk itself to improve the role of legal medicine in the Environmental Risk Management. While green criminology addresses widespread green crimes, a virtual environment criminology will also develop, maybe with a contribution of AI in the justice field. For a sustainable life, the environmental revolution must rapidly take place, and there is the need for a new justice, a new forensic medicine and a new criminology too.

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“…Note: unless specified otherwise, all port weights are for packaged skeletons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249306.g005 PLOS ONE (A n ) was 7.5 (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), the overall observed heterozygosity (H O ) was 0.619 and mean expected heterozygosity (H E ) was 0.701, with the probability of identity across 18 markers at 1.38 −12 and PIC values ranging from 0.189 to 0.797 (S3 Table ). The genotype accumulation curve plateaued at five loci, indicating sufficient discriminatory power for individualization of the lion bone samples.…”

Section: Molecular Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring compliance of CITES lion bone exports from South Africa

et al. 2021

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From 2008 to 2018, South Africa permitted the export of captive-bred African lion (Panthera leo) skeletons to Southeast Asia under CITES Appendix II. Legal exports rose from approximately 50 individuals in 2008 to a maximum of 1,771 skeletons in 2016, and has led to ongoing concerns over possible laundering of non-lion, multiple-source and wild-sourced bones. South Africa is required under its obligations to CITES to employ mechanisms for monitoring and reporting trade, and to limit the potential for illegal trade and laundering of lion and other large felid bones. Monitoring tools for legal trade are critical to compliance with CITES. Here we evaluate the CITES-compliance procedure implemented by South Africa for export of lion bones and identify six essential general points for consideration in the implementation of animal export quota compliance protocols. We provide specific insight into the South African lion bone export monitoring system through: i) outlining the protocols followed; ii) assessing the utility of cranial morphology to identify species; iii) evaluating skeleton consignment weight as a monitoring tool; and iv) presenting molecular (DNA) species assignment and pairwise-comparative sample matching of individuals. We describe irregularities and illicit behaviour detected in the 2017 and 2018 lion bone quotas. Notably, we report that the compliance procedure successfully identified and prevented the attempted laundering of a tiger (P. tigris) skeleton in 2018. We emphasise the utility of mixed-method protocols for the monitoring of compliance in CITES Appendix II export quota systems.

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Canada and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Lessons Learned on Implementation and Compliance

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Life barcoded by DNA barcodes

Life barcoded by DNA barcodes

Environment, Environmental Crimes, Environmental Forensic Medicine, Environmental Risk Management and Environmental Criminology

Monitoring compliance of CITES lion bone exports from South Africa

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