“…Only recently in the tropics have some PES projects reached their scheduled end, providing opportunities to empirically study the permanence of PES-induced conservation outcomes post-program completion ( Calle, 2020 , Jayachandran et al, 2018 , Pagiola et al, 2016 , Pagiola et al, 2020 ). In Nicaragua and Colombia, the Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project used short-term payments from 2003 to 2007 to induce landholders in two cattle ranching landscapes to adopt silvopastoral practices on degraded pastures ( Calle, 2020 , Pagiola et al, 2016 , Pagiola et al, 2020 ). In both countries, four years after the PES program’s completion, landholders maintained the environmentally beneficial land use changes they adopted while under the program, but did not expand these post-payments ( Pagiola et al, 2016 , Pagiola et al, 2020 ).…”