Can Robots have Personal Identity?

Abstract

This article attempts to answer the question of whether robots can have personal identity. In recent years, and due to the numerous and rapid technological advances, the discussion around the ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Agents or simply Robots, has gained great importance. However, this reflection has almost always focused on problems such as the moral status of these robots, their rights, their capabilities or the qualities that these robots should have to support such status or rights. In this paper I want to address a question that has been much less analyzed but which I consider crucial to this discussion on robot ethics: the possibility, or not, that robots have or will one day have personal identity. The importance of this question has to do with the role we normally assign to personal identity as central to morality. After posing the problem and exposing this relationship between identity and morality, I will engage in a discussion with the recent literature on personal identity by showing in what sense one could speak of personal identity in beings such as robots. This is followed by a discussion of some key texts in robot ethics that have touched on this problem, finally addressing some implications and possible objections. I finally give the tentative answer that robots could potentially have personal identity, given other cases and what we empirically know about robots and their foreseeable future.

Empathy Towards AI vs Human Experiences: The Role of Transparency in Mental Health and Social Support Chatbot Design (Preprint)

“…Humans can breathe life into inanimate or artificial systems [9], [10], [11], [12], and are able to relate to fictional experiences when they are human-like or realistic in the scope of one's own life [13], [14]. As such, this work calls for ethical and philosophical concerns about differences in empathy towards humans and AI -Machines have no lived experiences yet can produce stories as their "own" [15], [16]. If the machine uses these fabricated experiences to elicit a particular behavior from the user, is this considered manipulation?…”

“…How might empathy towards AI agents, such as social companion or mental health chatbots, impact downstream human outcomes? Since outputs from generative AI are not an artificial agent's actual experiences [16], but rather a probabilistically sampled sequence of text from human experiences, it is important to be precise and nuanced when communicating results from generated text to ensure ethical deployment of such systems in the mental health domain [17], [18], [19]. In the field of social psychology, researchers have explored how nudges, small subtle changes that can inspire big changes in actions, can modulate empathy [20].…”