“…It is also in the spirit of Atkin, Colson-Sihra, and Shayo (2021), which uses the consumption of taboo goods from surveys as a measure of religious identity, and Bentzen (2021), which uses Google searches for "prayer" as a measure of prayer intensity. 5 In addition, our analysis is related to the work of Livny (2021), which uses brighter night light during Ramadan as a measure of religiosity. 6…”