The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) came to power in 2002, and since then has never received <34% of nationwide voter support in Turkish general elections. Recent research focuses on the Economic Voting Theorem (EVT), specifically the varieties of pocketbook or sociotropic voting, as the primary explanation for the AKP’s successive electoral victories. However, this approach fails to adequately explain the ongoing electoral support for the AKP at both national and local levels, even under poor economic performance. It also fails to consider the impact of the spatial components of peripheral sociologies. This study employs the comparative method with EVT and Center–Periphery (C–P) phenomena in order to understand the dominant characteristics of voting behavior from a spatial perspective. Although EVT and C–P explanations take part in the literature, a limited number of studies measure and visualize the impact of those from a spatial perspective. In order to distinguish between the effects of EVT and C–P the study utilizes an original data set that measures different socio-economic factors such as per capita growth, unemployment, inflation, education, age, religious conservatism, ethnicity, and space both at the national and local levels. The results, contrary to expectations, show that the main drivers of voting behavior for the AKP consist of a mix of both C–P and EVT while C–P factors have a greater impact. In comparison to the EVT, C–P features such as religious conservatism and ethnicity perform better as predictors of the AKP’s electoral performance than the national and local economic conditions. Also, spatial results imply that support for the AKP has different spatial regimes based on ethnic identity and there are no spatial spillovers between spatial regimes in terms of voting behavior.
In this research, the existence of income convergence between NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2 nd level) territories was analyzed for 1987-2001 and 2004-2011 terms. For convergence analyses, spatial econometrics methods (SAR, SEM) were used, as well as classical methods. According to classical convergence analyses, territorial income convergence was occurred in high speed between NUTS 2 territories of Turkey during 1987-2001 and 2004-2011 terms; on the other hand, according to spatial statistical methods convergence was occurred either quite slow or not occurred. In addition to the conclusions of the study, it was found that there wasn't a positive effect of territorial public investments on territorial income convergence.
Vergi uyumu, hükümetlerin çok fazla çaba harcamadan vergi toplama kapasitesini ifade eden bir terimdir; vatandaşların ve şirketlerin vergi sisteminde sistemik boşluklar aramadan vergilerini ödemeye ne kadar istekli olduklarını gösterir. Vergi uyumu özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kamu harcamalarını karşılayacak kaynakları bulmaları açısından önemlidir. Vergi uyumu; yaş, eğitim, hükümete duyulan güven, dışa açıklık gibi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenir. Lakin çeşitli mekânsal birimlerin vergi uyumu aynı değildir. Bu, özellikle mükelleflerin ekonomik faaliyetleri ve ödemekle yükümlü oldukları vergilerin yerel düzeyde belirlendiği ve toplandığı durumlarda önem arz eder. Vergi uyumu açısından çeşitli mekânsal eğilimler olabilir ve bunları mekânsal düzeyde bilmek hükümet için stratejik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de il düzeyinde vergi uyumu için mekânsal birimlerden etkilenen faktörler araştırılmıştır. Bulgular, vergi uyumunun demografik değişkenlerden ve cezalardan etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Lakin cezalar Türkiye'de vergi uyumunu olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, vergi uyumu ülke genelinde aynı değildir ve Tahsilat/Tahakkuk oranına göre değişen farklı mekânsal rejimler mevcuttur.
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