“…The unrestricted model (M 1 ) was compared to the restricted models (M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , and M 5 ) through the ΔCFI (Byrne, 2008;Luu, 2019). The use of ΔCFI rather than the classical Δχ 2 test to assess the invariance across models is supported by the fact that the structural equation models (SEMs) only approximate reality, whereas the Δχ 2 test is an extremely rigorous test of the invariance (Cudeck & Browne, 1983;MacCallum, Razonwski, & Necowitz, 1992;Schivinski & Dabrowski, 2016 2008; Cheung & Rensvold, 2002).…”