Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective

Thomas, C.; Gibson, Hazel; Hill, David J.; Mabey, M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05296.x

Cited by 68 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Waterborne outbreaks caused by campylobacters have been reported especially in countries where groundwater sources that are not chlorinated are commonly used as the drinking water supply (2,15,16,17,18,25,31). In Finland, almost 1,500 small drinking water plants use groundwater as a raw water source, and they distribute approximately 45% of the total amount of drinking water consumed (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microbiological analysis is an additional tool for safety assessment. In confirmed waterborne outbreaks, however, when epidemiological studies have indicated that drinking water is the source of the infection, coliforms or E. coli has not always been detected either in source or net water samples (1,5,15,17,31,32). One reason for the low detection rate may be too few samples combined with sample volumes that are too small (100 ml).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In epidemiological studies, the commonly recognized risk factors for acquisition of campylobacter infection have been eating or handling poultry and drinking unpasteurized milk or untreated drinking water from private wells or groundwater sources (6,13,21). In waterborne epidemics associated with campylobacters, the drinking water source has been shown to be fecally contaminated either by runoff of surface water after rain or by leakage of a sewage pipe close to the drinking water pipeline (14,31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Hänninen

Haajanen²,

Pummi³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

152

136

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Waterborne outbreaks associated with contamination of drinking water by Campylobacter jejuni are rather common in the Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, and Finland, where in sparsely populated districts groundwater is commonly used without disinfection. Campylobacters, Escherichia coli, or other coliforms have rarely been detected in potential sources. We studied three waterborne outbreaks in Finland caused by C. jejuni and used sample volumes of 4,000 to 20,000 ml for analysis of campylobacters and sample volumes of 1 to 5,000 ml for analysis of coliforms and E. coli, depending on the sampling site. Multiple samples obtained from possible sources (water distribution systems and environmental water sources) and the use of large sample volumes (several liters) increased the chance of detecting the pathogen C. jejuni in water. Filtration of a large volume (1,000 to 2,000 ml) also increased the rate of detection of coliforms and E. coli. To confirm the association between drinking water contamination and illness, a combination of Penner serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (digestion with SmaI and KpnI) was found to be useful. This combination reliably verified similarity or dissimilarity of C. jejuni isolates from patient samples, from drinking water, and from other environmental sources, thus confirming the likely reservoir of an outbreak.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Hänninen

Haajanen²,

Pummi³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

152

136

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“…For a pathogen that is so difficult to culture in a laboratory, Campylobacter have been shown to have a rather remarkable capacity for survival in aquatic environments (42). Indeed, it appears that greater numbers of pathogens are found in aquatic environments during winter and spring periods because of the relatively lower water temperatures in winter (43).…”

Section: Review • Skelly and Weinsteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen survival trajectories: an eco-environmental approach to the modeling of human campylobacteriosis ecology.

Skelly

Weinstein²

2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Campylobacteriosis, like many human diseases, has its own ecology in which the propagation of human infection and disease depends on pathogen survival and finding new hosts in order to replicate and sustain the pathogen population. The complexity of this process, a process common to other enteric pathogens, has hampered control efforts. Many unknowns remain, resulting in a poorly understood disease ecology. To provide structure to these unknowns and help direct further research and intervention, we propose an eco-environmental modeling approach for campylobacteriosis. This modeling approach follows the pathogen population as it moves through the environments that define the physical structure of its ecology. In this paper, we term the ecologic processes and environments through which these populations move "pathogen survival trajectories." Although such a modeling approach could have veterinary applications, our emphasis is on human campylobacteriosis and focuses on human exposures to Campylobacter through feces, food, and aquatic environments. The pathogen survival trajectories that lead to human exposure include ecologic filters that limit population size, e.g., cooking food to kill Campylobacter. Environmental factors that influence the size of the pathogen reservoirs include temperature, nutrient availability, and moisture availability during the period of time the pathogen population is moving through the environment between infected and susceptible hosts. We anticipate that the modeling approach proposed here will work symbiotically with traditional epidemiologic and microbiologic research to help guide and evaluate the acquisition of new knowledge about the ecology, eventual intervention, and control of campylobacteriosis.

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“…The use of Campylobactercontaminated water to wash vegetables may result in banking the organism on the surface of the product. Also, leafy vegetables irrigated with untreated water or cultivated in Campylobacter contaminated soils are likely to carry the pathogen (Thomas et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%