Camillo Negro (1861–1927) and his method for eliciting the extensor toe sign

Brigo, Francesco; Norata, Davide; Benna, Paolo; Lorusso, Lorenzo

doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05711-3

Neurol Sci

2021

DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05711-3

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Camillo Negro (1861–1927) and his method for eliciting the extensor toe sign

Francesco Brigo

Davide Norata

Paolo Benna

et al.

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“…Hence, transient dysfunction or damage to the upper layers could release and unmask the function of lower neuronal structures. A similar hierarchical concept of the central nervous system and its function would explain the re-emergence of primitive reflexes or motor patterns in certain neurological conditions (e.g., the Babinski sign or the triple flexion reflex after pyramidal tract dysfunction [33,34]). More than one hundred years after its first description, the MR continues to fascinate and stimulate discussion, and its features could shed further light on the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Moro reflex: insights into the pathophysiology of generalized tonic‐clonic seizures and infantile spasms

Brigo¹,

Porro²,

Trinka³

2022

Epileptic Disorders

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The Moro reflex (MR) is a primitive reflex that disappears after the first three months of life. It was described by the Austrian paediatrician Ernst Moro in 1918, although the earliest visual representation of the MR dates back to the first half of the 14 th Century, in a fresco by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1290-1348). The neural centre underlying the MR is located in the lower part of the brainstem since it can be elicited also in anencephalic infants, as shown by the Austrian neurologist Eduard Gamper in the first medical description of anencephaly (1926). The MR is due to the activation of an archaic neural circuit present in the newborn, the activity of which is later inhibited by the upper brain structures. Given their semiological resemblance, epileptic spasms and generalized tonic-clonic seizures might be due (at least partly) to the pathological activation of the same neural archaic circuit involved in the genesis of the MR. The neuronal network underlying these different phenomena might be located in the pons. In these seizure types, the activation of the same neural circuitry involved in the MR could occur through either direct excitation or through an indirect "liberating" mechanism, secondary to epileptic disruption of cortical inhibitory control on subcortical structures. The movements of the upper extremities in epileptic spasms, in the initial phase of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the MR might involve a distinct neural circuitry, which is (or becomes) hyperexcitable as a consequence of a pathological condition (epilepsy) or physiological brain immaturity (the MR).

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confidence: 99%

“…A similar hierarchical concept of the central nervous system and its function would explain the re‐emergence of primitive reflexes or motor patterns in certain neurological conditions ( e.g. , the Babinski sign or the triple flexion reflex after pyramidal tract dysfunction [33, 34]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moro reflex: insights into the pathophysiology of generalized tonic‐clonic seizures and infantile spasms

Brigo¹,

Porro²,

Trinka³

2022

Epileptic Disorders

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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