Camillo Golgi (1843-1926): scientist extraordinaire and pioneer figure of modern neurology

Ghosh, Sanjib Kumar

doi:10.5115/acb.20.196

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Immunostaining can, in some cases, visualize cell‐type‐specific neural arbors, and multi‐color combinations of antibodies may allow co‐labeling of distinct cell types in the same preparation. In contrast, relatively simpler but non‐selective staining such as Golgi (Ghosh, 2020) impregnates a broad spectrum of neurons and glia. In these cases, ABEL can provide a practical way to quickly recognize neurons from glia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine learning classification reveals robust morphometric biomarker of glial and neuronal arbors

Akram

Wei

Ascoli

2022

J of Neuroscience Research

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Neurons and glia are the two main cell classes in the nervous systems of most animals. Although functionally distinct, neurons and glia are both characterized by multiple branching arbors stemming from the cell bodies. Glial processes are generally known to form smaller trees than neuronal dendrites. However, the full extent of morphological differences between neurons and glia in multiple species and brain regions has not yet been characterized, nor is it known whether these cells can be reliably distinguished based on geometric features alone. Here, we show that multiple supervised learning algorithms deployed on a large database of morphological reconstructions can systematically classify neuronal and glial arbors with nearly perfect accuracy and precision. Moreover, we report multiple morphometric properties, both size related and size independent, that differ substantially between these cell types. In particular, we newly identify an individual morphometric measurement, Average Branch Euclidean Length that can robustly separate neurons from glia across multiple animal models, a broad diversity of experimental conditions, and anatomical areas, with the notable exception of the cerebellum. We discuss the practical utility and physiological interpretation of this discovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine learning classification reveals robust morphometric biomarker of glial and neuronal arbors

Akram

Wei

Ascoli

2022

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…Immunolabeling can in some cases visualize cell type-specific neural arbors, and multi-color combinations of antibodies may allow colabeling of distinct cell types in the same preparation. In contrast, relatively simpler but non-selective staining such as Golgi (Ghosh, 2020) impregnates a broad spectrum of neurons and glia. In these cases, ABEL can provide a practical way to quickly recognize neurons from glia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Classification Reveals Robust Morphometric Biomarker of Glial and Neuronal Arbors

Akram

Wei

Ascoli

2022

Preprint

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Neurons and glia are the two main cell classes in the nervous systems of most animals. Although functionally distinct, neurons and glia are both characterized by multiple branching arbors stemming from the cell bodies. Glial processes are generally known to form smaller trees than neuronal dendrites. However, the full extent of morphological differences between neurons and glia in multiple species and brain regions has not yet been characterized, nor is it known whether these cells can be reliably distinguished based on geometric features alone. Here, we show that multiple supervised learning algorithms (K-nearest neighbor, random forest, and support vector machine) deployed on a large database of morphological reconstructions can systematically classify neuronal and glial arbors with nearly perfect accuracy and precision. Moreover, we report multiple morphometric properties, both size-related and size-independent, that differ substantially between these cell types. In particular, we newly identify an individual morphometric measurement, Average Branch Euclidean Length (ABEL) that can robustly separate neurons from glia across multiple animal models, a broad diversity of experimental conditions, and anatomical areas, with the notable exception of the cerebellum. We discuss the practical utility and physiological interpretation of this discovery.

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“…Golgi's unique involved treating the nervous tissue with potassium dichromate (for hardening) followed by silver nitrate. Subsequently the black silver chromate crystals (formed due to chemical reaction) were deposited on nerve cell body, axon and dendrites thus rendering them as clearly visible structures under the microscope (Ghosh, 2020a). Later Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) adopted this technique and successfully detailed the complex microscopic structural details of human nervous system.…”

Section: Microscope-based Research Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of epistemological methodologies in anatomy: From antiquity to modern times

Ghosh

2021

The Anatomical Record

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Present day scenario regarding epistemological methods in anatomy is in sharp contrast to the situation during ancient period. This study aimed to explore the evolution of epistemological methodologies in anatomy across centuries. In ancient times Egyptian embalmers acquired anatomical knowledge from handling human bodies and likewise anatomical studies in India involved human dissection. Ancient Greeks used theological principles‐based methods, animal dissection and human dissection in practice of anatomy. Human dissection was also practiced in ancient China for gaining anatomical knowledge. Prohibition of human dissection led to use of animal dissection in ancient Rome and the trend continued in Europe through Middle Ages. Epistemological methods used by Muslim scholars during Middle Ages are not clearly chronicled. Human dissection returned as primary epistemological method in Renaissance Europe and empirical methods were reinstated after ancient period in human dissection during 16th century. The situation further improved with introduction of pragmatic experiment based approach during 17th century and autopsy‐based methods during 18th century. Advances in anatomical knowledge continued with advent of microscope‐based methods and emergence of anatomical sections in practice of human dissection in 19th century. Introduction of human observational studies, medical imaging, and molecular methods presented more options in terms of epistemological methods for investigating the human body during 20th century. Onset of 21st century has witnessed dominance of technology‐based methods in anatomy. Limited emphasis on ethics in epistemological methodologies since antiquity is a dark aspect of otherwise an eventful evolutionary journey but recent developments are in positive direction.

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Camillo Golgi (1843-1926): scientist extraordinaire and pioneer figure of modern neurology

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Machine learning classification reveals robust morphometric biomarker of glial and neuronal arbors

Machine learning classification reveals robust morphometric biomarker of glial and neuronal arbors

Machine Learning Classification Reveals Robust Morphometric Biomarker of Glial and Neuronal Arbors

The evolution of epistemological methodologies in anatomy: From antiquity to modern times

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