Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope

Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Mook, Charles Craig

doi:10.1130/gsab-30-379

Cited by 85 publications

(223 citation statements)

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“…1E, F) . Hacia las dorsales posteriores, la rama lateral de la spol tiende a unirse distalmente con la spdl, constituyendo una lámina lateral compuesta (que Janensch [1929] llamó «late-ralspinalleiste», aunque Wilson [1999], precisa-mente debido a su condición mixta, no le dio una denominación formal), en tanto que la rama medial (aquella designada «suprahiposfenal» por Osborn & Mook, 1921), tiende a unirse (al me-nos en algunos grupos, como los diplodocoideos) a una nueva lámina posterior, la lámina postes-pinal (posl, postspinal l mina) (Wilson, 1999) (Fig. 1H, I).…”

Section: Morfologia General De La Espina Neural Presacra De Los Saurounclassified

“…Del mismo modo, la división de la spol en dos ramas (en la mayoría de los saurópodos, exceptuando Galvesaurus herreroi y los titanosaurios derivados), produce una nueva superficie, orientada posterior y lateralmente. En algunos grupos, la primera de las superficies mencionadas adquiere la condición de una verdadera cavidad: es lo que, precisamente, Osborn & Mook (1921, fig. 39) denominaron «cavidad supra-prezigapofisial».…”

Section: Morfologia General De La Espina Neural Presacra De Los Saurounclassified

“…Esta última, según nuestra interpretación, quedaría circunscripta a dos áreas principales. 1: entre las láminas axiales de ori-gen complejo de vértebras sucesivas, y 2: en el sector lateral de la base de la espina neural, dorsalmente con relación a los procesos trans-versos, en un área limitada anteriormente por la spdl, posteriormente por la spol lateral, y ventralmente por la podl; área que Osborn & Mook (1921, fig. 39) denominan «cavidad suprapostzigapofisial».…”

Section: Morfologia General De La Espina Neural Presacra De Los Saurounclassified

“…5), la superficie comprendida por las láminas prsl + sprl y spdl, que resulta de una ampliación de la «cavidad supraprezigapofisial» como resultado de la formación de una lámina axial anterior, muestra una serie de orificios (supuestamente neumáticos), que omunican con el interior de la espina neural. c En algunos grupos (e. g., Camarasaurus, Osborn & Mook, 1921, y, en general, en todos los saurópodos que no presentan «láminas axiales»), la superficie sobre la que se apoyarían los divertículos aéreos es relativamente estrecha. En estos casos, las sprl y las spol mediales no se fu-sionan en una lámina axial, anterior y posterior respectivamente.…”

Section: Morfologia General De La Espina Neural Presacra De Los Saurounclassified

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Considerations on the neural laminae of the sauropod dinosaurs and their morpho-functional meaning

Salgado

García

Daza

2006

MACN

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Considerations on the neural laminae of the sauropod dinosaurs and their morpho-functional meaning. The axial skeleton of sauropod dinosaurs is distinguished by the presence of vertebral laminae that connect different points between the neural arch and the centrum. Previous exhaustive studies have conferred phylogenetic value to the array and organization of these structures. These studies among others, have also explored the function of the laminae. Many authors suggested that the characteristic cross-shaped transverse section of the sauropod dorsal neural spine (resulting of the axial prespinal and postspinal laminae, and the lateral structures formed by the fusion of the spinodiapophyseal and spinopostzygapophyseal laminae) is a function of four large pneumatic grooves. In this study, we associate the pattern of the sauropod (specially of the titanosaur) neural laminae with soft anatomy structures, such as aerial diverticula and interneural and other epaxial muscles; we consider surfaces and spaces bounded by these laminae, and how they vary in the dorsal sequence. The inferred musculature, specially the transversospinalis group, is based on myology of extant lepidosauriomorphs and rchosauriomorphs. a Key words: Sauropoda, Vertebral Anatomy, Neural Laminae; Pneumaticity. ____________Una de las características más notables del esqueleto axial presacro de los dinosaurios saurópodos es la existencia de un conjunto de láminas óseas que conectan, entre sí y con el centro vertebral, diferentes puntos del arco neural. Algunos investigadores, entre quienes se desta-can Bonaparte (1986) y Wilson (1999, han estudiado en detalle su disposición y organiza-ción, reafirmando su valor filogenético (en un tiempo puesto en duda por algunos paleontólogos, como Curtice, 1998). También, estos y otros au-tores han reflexionado sobre la probable función de estas estructuras. Britt (1997) sugirió que las láminas de origen complejo de orientación axial (formadas a partir de la unión de las láminas pre y postespinales con las láminas espinopre-zigapofiseales y espinopostzigapofisiales me-diales) y lateral (formadas a partir de la unión de los segmentos distales de las láminas espi-nodiapofisiales y espinopostzigapofisiales latera-les), separaban cuatro divertículos aéreos. Según este autor, durante la ontogenia, el contacto con el epitelio que revestía esos órganos neumáticos habría provocado la remodelación ósea de las es-tructuras que originalmente se interponían en-tre divertículos contiguos, reduciéndolas a del-gadas láminas de hueso. Cabe recordar aquí que, por lo general, los tejidos blandos tienen primacía morfogenética sobre los tejidos esqueletales, de manera que la forma de los huesos (en este caso, de las espinas neurales) está mayormente gobernada por tejidos blandos específicos (Witer, 1997, p.2). m Por su parte, Wilson (1999) coincidió en que las láminas neurales son estructuras primariamente neumáticas, aunque admitió una posible función estructural secundaria. En este caso, la orientación de las láminas serí...

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Section: Morfologia General De La Espina Neural Presacra De Los Saurounclassified

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Considerations on the neural laminae of the sauropod dinosaurs and their morpho-functional meaning

Salgado

García

Daza

2006

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“…For example, the extension of the base of the neural arch to the posterior extremity of the centrum is clearly not, as he asserted, due to damage. D'Emic claimed that dorsal vertebrae illustrated by Osborn and Mook (1921:plates LXIX and LXXII) have forward-sloping neural arches resembling those of Xenoposeidon: in reality, only one posterior dorsal vertebrae out of four complete dorsal columns illustrated in that monograph shows a forward slope, and it differs so much from its fellows that this can only be interpreted as the result of crushing. D'Emic further claimed that the lamina patterns observed in Xenoposeidon can be recognised in other sauropods, but I have been unable find morphology resembling them in the descriptions he suggests: Osborn and Mook 1921 for Camarasaurus, Riggs 1903 for Bracdiosaurus (probably a typo for Riggs 1904, which also does not depict similar patterns), Carballido et al 2011 for Teduelcdesaurus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur

Taylor

2017

Preprint

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Xenoposeidon proneneukos is a sauropod dinosaur represented by a single partial dorsal vertebra, NHMUK R2095, which consists of the centrum and the base of a tall neural arch.Despite its fragmentary nature, it is recognisably distinct from all other sauropods, and is here diagnosed with five unique characters. One character previously considered unique is here recognised as shared with Rebbachisaurus garasbae: an "M"-shaped arrangement of laminae on the lateral face of the neural arch. Following the more complete Rebbachisaurus garasbae, these laminae are now interpreted as ACPL and lateral CPRL, which intersect anteriorly; and PCDL and CPOL, which intersect posteriorly. Similar arrangements are also seen in some other rebbachisaurid specimens (though not all, possibly due to serial variation), but never in non-rebbachisaurid sauropods. Xenoposeidon is therefore referred to Rebbachisauridae. Due to its elevated parapophysis, the holotype vertebra is considered a posterior dorsal despite its elongate centrum. Since Xenoposeidon is from the from the Berriasian-Valanginian (earliest Cretaceous) Ashdown Beds Formation of the Wealden Supergroup of southern England, it is the earliest known rebbachisaurid by some 10 million years. Electronic 3D models were invaluable in determining X e n o p o s e i d o n i s t h e e a r l i e s t k n o wn r e b b a c h i s a u r i d s a u r o p o d d i n o s a u rMichael P. Taylor. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, England. dino@miketaylor.org.uk Ab s t r a c tXenoposeidon proneneukos is a sauropod dinosaur represented by a single partial dorsal vertebra, NHMUK R2095, which consists of the centrum and the base of a tall neural arch. Despite its fragmentary nature, it is recognisably distinct from all other sauropods, and is here diagnosed with five unique characters. One character previously considered unique is here recognised as shared with Rebbacdisaurus garasbae: an "M"-shaped arrangement of laminae on the lateral face of the neural arch. Following the more complete Rebbacdisaurus garasbae, these laminae are now interpreted as ACPL and lateral CPRL, which intersect anteriorly; and PCDL and CPOL, which intersect posteriorly. Similar arrangements are also seen in some other rebbachisaurid specimens (though not all, possibly due to serial variation), but never in non-rebbachisaurid sauropods. Xenoposeidon is therefore referred to Rebbachisauridae. Due to its elevated parapophysis, the holotype vertebra is considered a posterior dorsal despite its elongate centrum. Since Xenoposeidon is from the from the Berriasian-Valanginian (earliest Cretaceous) Ashdown Beds Formation of the Wealden Supergroup of southern England, it is the earliest known rebbachisaurid by some 10 million years. Electronic 3D models were invaluable in determining Xenoposeidon's true affinities: descriptions of complex bones such as sauropod vertebrae should always provide them where possible.

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Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods

Schwarz

Frey

Meyer

2007

The Anatomical Record

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The orientation of the scapulocoracoid in sauropod dinosaurs is reconstructed based on comparative anatomical investigations of pectoral girdles of extant amniotes. In the reconstruction proposed here, the scapula of sauropods stands at an angle of at least 558 to the horizontal plane in mechanical coherence with the sternal apparatus including the coracoids. The coracoids are oriented cranioventrally to the rib cage and the glenoid is directed mediolaterally, which allows the humerus to swing in a sagittal plane. The inclination of the scapula to the horizontal plane is reconstructed for Diplodocus (60-658), Camarasaurus (60-658), and Opisthocoelicaudia (55-658). The inclination of the scapulocoracoid has consequences for the overall body posture in Camarasaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, where the dorsal contour would have ventrally declined toward the sacrum. Scapulocoracoid mobility depends on the arrangement of clavicles, the reconstruction of a coracosternal joint, and the reconstructed musculature of the shoulder girdle. In a crocodylian model of the shoulder musculature, m. serratus profundus and superficialis form a muscular sling, which suspends the trunk from the shoulder girdle and would allow a certain mobility of the scapulocoracoid. An avian model of the shoulder musculature would also mean suspension by means of the m. serratus complex, but indicates a closer connection of the scapula to the dorsal ribs, which would lead to more restricted movements of the scapulocoracoid in sauropods. Anat Rec, 290: 32-47, 2007. 2006

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Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope

Cited by 85 publications

References 0 publications

Considerations on the neural laminae of the sauropod dinosaurs and their morpho-functional meaning

Considerations on the neural laminae of the sauropod dinosaurs and their morpho-functional meaning

Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur

Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods

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