Callyspongia crassa and C. siphonella (Porifera, Callyspongiidae) as a potential source for medical bioactive substances, Aqaba Gulf, Red Sea, Egypt

Abstract

Background: Sponges are champion of bioactive producers because of the variety of products that have been found from them. Most bioactive compounds extracted from sponges were classified into antibiotic, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory. Tow marine sponge species were collected during winter 2016 from Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt viz., Callyspongia crassa and Callyspongia siphonella. The collected sponge species belong to family Callyspongiidae. The sponge samples were extracted by ethanol and investigated as a promising source of natural products which can be used as antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Results: Results revealed that the crude extract of C. siphonella showed high antitumor activity with value of 5.57 and 1.39 μg/ml as IC50 against colon cancer (caco-2) and breast cancer (Mcf-7) on cell line, respectively. Also the C. crassa extract showed high cytotoxic effect to Vero cell with HAV (hepatitis A virus), which exhibits that MIC was 9.765 μg/ml, the most effective extract was of C. crassa against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Also, ethanolic crude of C. siphonella showed positive antibacterial activity against P. aueroginosa. Indeed, there much other extracts exhibited no antibacterial activities, especially all extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio damsela. The C. crassa extract conducted an antioxidant activity in corresponding to ascorbic acid standard with value of 671 μg/ml as IC50. There was only one crude extract that had anti-inflammatory activity; it was of C. crassa (61.47%). Conclusions: The present investigation confirmed that the crude extract of C. siphonella conducted to promising antitumor agent against colon and breast cancer, while the crude extract of C. crassa conducted to promising anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. In summary, the marine sponges are an indispensable, chemodiverse, biodiverse, and rich source of natural products and secondary metabolites with potent pharmacological effects. The studies should be interested with spongederived bioactive compounds as a promising strategy that deserves further attention in future investigations in order to address the limitations regarding sustainable supply of marine drugs.

Endotoxin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 with Potential Medical Applications

“…The detection and quantification of extracted LPS were carried out by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay using PYROGENT-5000 kit (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) according to the manufacturer instructions 15 .…”

“…Chemical treatment of endotoxin extracted from P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, either by 1N NaOH, HCl or ethyl alcohol (70% and 100%), resulted in detectable lowering in its activity (44.7%, 68.5%, 64.7% and 88.5%, respectively) after 60 min of treatment as reported by Magalh ‫ד‬es et al 34 . Ibrahim et al 15 examined four NaOH concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 N) influencing the stability of endotoxin produced by E. coli AS10. They concluded that endotoxin activity and concentration decreased upon the increase of NaOH normality and endotoxin lost about 69% and 81% of its activity/concentration at 0.5 N and 1 N, respectively.…”

“…The results revealed its antibacterial potential against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens as Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 19404, and Klebsiella granulomatis ATCC 43816 and against Grampositive bacterial pathogens as Bacillus cereus ATCC 33018. Ibrahim et al 15 evaluated the endotoxin produced by E. coli AS10 that showed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC6538, B. cereus ATCC 33018 and K. pneumonia ATCC 43816. They highlighted the contribution of the antibacterial activity of endotoxin in driving the innate immune response, which is considered the first line of defense against pathogens through the core part in endotoxin signaling pathway produced LPS-binding protein (LBP).…”

Science, Diplomacy, and the Red Sea’s Unique Coral Reef: It’s Time for Action

“…A biodiversity hotspot, the Red Sea has a high degree of endemism (Dibattista et al, 2016;Osman et al, 2020). Its unique reefs are also a rich potential source of natural products and medicines (Shaala et al, 2015;Ibrahim et al, 2017). The high degree of endemism and adaptation to high salinity and high temperature could potentially have led to the appearance of unique molecules and metabolites not to be found in other reef systems of the world (O'Rourke et al, 2016(O'Rourke et al, , 2018Kremb et al, 2017).…”

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Marine Sponge Callyspongia Sp. And Its Acute Toxicity

“…Callyspongia sp. has activity as antibacterial, antifungal, promoting antitumor, antiretroviral, and anti-inflammation [2,3]. Previous studies showed that Callyspongia sp.…”