“…Similar to many industries, educational activities have been interrupted and many schools and universities have been temporarily shut down before eventually moving to online platforms (Abbasi et al, 2020;Aboagye et al, 2020;Radha et al, 2020;Mathivanan et al, 2021). Millions of university-level courses are being delivered online across the world, and this trend has lasted for a long period making us wonder whether e-learning will eventually overtake face-to-face learning and become a new educational norm in the post-COVID-19 era (Saeed Al-Maroof et al, 2020;Hermawan, 2021;Pham and Da Vo, 2021;Shofwan et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2021).…”