Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women

Whitmore, S. Elizabeth; Sago, N.Joan Glavan

doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(00)90012-4

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As there are racial differences between the several skin types, in theory this could be a causal factor which could be responsible for the observed SPT-related MEDs. However, Whitmore & Glavan Sago (17) proved that there was no difference in skin thickness between white and black women; therefore racial differences in skin thickness cannot be the factor that explains our observation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

Caron-Schreinemachers¹,

Kingswijk²,

Bos³

et al. 2005

Acta Dermato-Venereologica

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It is assumed that skin is protected against sunburn by melanin. In patients with vitiligo, there are white patches in the normal pigmented skin. We noticed that there is a difference in burning capacity of these white patches between people with different skin types. With UVB 311 nm lamps, we irradiated both lesional and non-lesional skin with increasing doses in 33 patients with vitiligo, divided into 5 groups according to skin type (II-VI). Twenty-four hours later we assessed the minimal erythema dose and found a correlation between skin type and UV sensitivity in both lesional skin and normal skin. We suggest that there must be a protection mechanism, other than that offered by melanin pigmentation. The antioxidant status may play a role in this phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

Caron-Schreinemachers¹,

Kingswijk²,

Bos³

et al. 2005

Acta Dermato-Venereologica

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“…Thus, the skin of African or Caucasian origin did not present obvious differences on papillary dermis and epidermis thickness. Whitmore and Glavan Sago (41) found that total skin thickness was equal between black and white women on the flexural forearm, which is an area unexposed to the sun.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Caucasian and African skin types differ morphologically and functionally in their dermal component

Girardeau

Mine

Piégay

et al. 2009

Experimental Dermatology

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In the literature, most reported differences between African and Caucasian skin properties concern pigmentation and barrier function of the stratum corneum and related photoprotective properties. However, little is known about differences in morphology and possibly related biological functions. In this study, we investigated: (i) architectural differences of Caucasian and African mammary skin biopsies using microscopy, (ii) comparative constitutive expression of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and its inhibitors in papillary dermal fibroblast (pF) and reticular dermal fibroblast (rF) cultures in order to reveal biological features. (i) Neither epidermis thickness nor superficial dermis thickness was significantly different in African versus Caucasian subjects. However, the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) length in African skin was about threefold that in Caucasian skin. No differences were noticed as regards elastic and collagen fibre organization. (ii) In papillary fibroblast cultures, a significantly higher level of monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1) protein was found in cell cultures from African donors when compared with that from Caucasians. With regard to keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), the ratio of papillary to reticular fibroblast expression was found to be twofold greater in cell cultures from African donors compared with that from Caucasian donors. The same trend was found regarding MMP-1 and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase protein 1 (TIMP-1) protein expression. African skin displays a greater convolution of the DEJ and a higher papillary fibroblast activity. These findings reveal that differences between African and Caucasian skin do not only affect upper epidermis but also dermal functions and dermal-epidermal cellular interactions.

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“…For example, most articles that address the issue of age and gender variations in skin thickness do so for one site only, typically the medial forearm [Bhatia et al, 1969;Bliznak and Staple, 1975;Branchet et al, 1990;Whitmore and Sago, 2000], with values from a range of regions typically coming from one age group only [Lee and Hwang, 2002]. We were only able to locate one study that had separate values for the site/age/ gender cells [Southwood, 1955], and so to estimate realistic population distributions we conducted a procedure similar to that used for adipose tissue above, differing in that:…”

Section: Skin (Dermis Plus Epidermis) Thickness For All Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAR versus S_inc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models

Anderson

Croft

McIntosh³

2010

Bioelectromagnetics

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This is the first of two articles addressing the most appropriate crossover frequency at which incident power flux density (S(inc)) replaces the spatial peak value of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over 1 or 10 g (i.e., peak 1 or 10 g SAR) as the basic restriction for protecting against radiofrequency (RF) heating effects in the 1-10 GHz range. Our general approach has been to compare the degree of correlation between these basic restrictions and the peak induced tissue temperature rise (DeltaT) for a representative range of population/exposure scenarios. In this article we particularly address the effect of human population diversity in the thickness of body tissue layers at eight different sites of the body. We used a Monte Carlo approach to specify 32000 models (400 models for each of 8 body sites for 10 frequencies) which were representative of tissue thicknesses for age (18-74 years) and sex at the eight body sites. Histogram distributions of S(inc) and peak 1 and 10 g SAR corresponding to a peak 1 degrees C temperature rise were obtained from RF and thermal analyses of 1D multiplanar models exposed to a normally incident plane wave ranging from 1 to 10 GHz in thermo-neutral environmental conditions. Examination of the distribution spread of the histograms indicated that peak SAR was a better predictor of peak tissue temperature rise across the entire 1-10 GHz frequency range than S(inc), as indicated by the smaller spread in its histogram distributions, and that peak 10 g SAR was a slightly better predictor than peak 1 g SAR. However, this result must be weighed against partly conflicting indications from complex body modeling in the second article of this series, which incorporates near-field effects and the influence of complex body geometries.

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Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

The Caucasian and African skin types differ morphologically and functionally in their dermal component

SAR versus S_inc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models

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Caliper-measured skin thickness is similar in white and black women

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

UVB 311 nm Tolerance of Vitiligo Skin Increases with Skin Photo Type

The Caucasian and African skin types differ morphologically and functionally in their dermal component

SAR versus Sinc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models

Contact Info

Product

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SAR versus S_inc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models