California offshore wind energy potential

This paper investigates available offshore wind energy resources in China's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) with the aid of a Geographical Information System (GIS), which allows the influence of technical, spatial and economic constraints on offshore wind resources being reflected in a continuous space. Geospatial supply curves and spatial distribution of levelised production cost (LPC) are developed, which provide information on the available potential of offshore wind energy at or below a given cost, and its corresponding geographical locations. The GIS-based models also reflect the impacts of each spatial constraint as well as various scenarios of spatial constraints on marginal production costs of offshore wind energy. Furthermore, the impacts of differing Feed-in-tariff (FIT) standards on the economic potential are calculated. It confirms that economic potential of offshore wind energy can contribute  Corresponding author. Tel: +45 99403658 Fax: +45 98153788 E-mail address: lixuan@plan.aau.dk 2 to 42%, 30% and 29% of the coastal regions' total electricity demands in 2010, 2020 and 2030. The shallow waters along the coasts of Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu and northern Guangdong are identified as suitable areas for developing offshore wind energy in terms of wind resources and economic costs. However, the influence of tropical cyclone risks on these regions and detailed assessments at regional or local scale are worth of further discussions. Nevertheless, the models and results provide a foundation for a more comprehensive regional framework that would address additional infrastructure, planning and policy issues.

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“…The spatial resolution is 1km 2 in a geographical reference framework of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. 5 …”

Section: Data Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the development of the first offshore wind farm in the U.S. has been delayed, a large number of studies and discussions regarding resource assessment, economic cost and environmental impact have already been conducted [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Conversely, the China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints

Hong

Möller

2011

Energy

148

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“…EWEA (2009) states that interannual wind energy production from a turbine varies with a standard deviation of around 10% of mean energy. Masters (2004) and Dvorak et al (2010) estimate a capacity factor based on turbine and wind speed factors. The function is based on a Rayleigh distribution of winds, a common assumption used in modeling wind turbine energy output.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current feed-in tariff subsidies established by the Renewable Energy Sources Act of 2012 for wind energy in Germany pay energy producers a rate that varies over the lifespan of the farm (see footnote 2). To calculate annual wind energy generation, we use a method suggested by Masters (2004) and employed by Dvorak et al (2010) that estimates a capacity factor based on turbine and wind speed factors. The function:…”

Section: Valuation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Private incentives for the emergence of co-production of offshore wind energy and mussel aquaculture

2015

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Technological solutions to increase the efficiency of spatial use can play a key role as part of the toolbox of marine spatial planning. Co-locating of multiple ocean uses can potentially increase the production and enjoyment of the ocean while limiting impacts. However, a basic precondition for co-locating or coproduction is that all parties' private incentives are aligned. We use a case study of co-locating an offshore wind energy firm and a mussel aquaculture firm to assess the incentive structure for cooperation and to demonstrate that social benefits from co-locating exist. We find that there is room for cooperation between firms based on potential cost sharing and that the demonstrated social benefits may arise without government intervention.

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“…Wind assessment techniques are used to create wind maps on a local scale and micrositing of wind turbines, estimate vertical wind speed variations and long-term wind resource at a given site [4]. These techniques made it possible to conduct wind assessment studies all over the world like Qatar [5] and Nigeria [6], a few sites in Jordan [7] and Kuwait [8], a wind atlas of Quebec, Canada [9], offshore California [10], the Red Sea coast and in Egypt [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of wind speed profile using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

2011

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a b s t r a c tWind energy has become a major competitor of traditional fossil fuel energy, particularly with the successful operation of multi-megawatt sized wind turbines. However, wind with reasonable speed is not adequately sustainable everywhere to build an economical wind farm. The potential site has to be thoroughly investigated at least with respect to wind speed profile and air density. Wind speed increases with height, thus an increase of the height of turbine rotor leads to more generated power. Therefore, it is imperative to have a precise knowledge of wind speed profiles in order to assess the potential for a wind farm site. This paper proposes a clustering algorithm based neuro-fuzzy method to find wind speed profile up to height of 100 m based on knowledge of wind speed at heights 10, 20, 30, 40 m. The model estimated wind speed at 40 m based on measured data at 10, 20, and 30 m has 3% mean absolute percent error when compared with measured wind speed at height 40 m. This close agreement between estimated and measured wind speed at 40 m indicates the viability of the proposed method. The comparison with the 1/7th law and experimental wind shear method further proofs the suitability of the proposed method for generating wind speed profile based on knowledge of wind speed at lower heights.

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California offshore wind energy potential

Cited by 177 publications

References 22 publications

Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints

Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints

Private incentives for the emergence of co-production of offshore wind energy and mussel aquaculture

Estimation of wind speed profile using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

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