Caledonian Scots Pine: Origins and Genetic Structure

Kinloch, Bohun B.; Westfall, Robert D.; Forrest, G. I.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00671.x

Cited by 111 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Unfortunately, putative progenitor populations for this western colonization can no longer be sampled because of the extinction of Irish populations of P. sylvestris between 1000 and 2000 years ago (Birks, 1989). Nevertheless, the hypothesis of a separate western colonization route ties in well with the existing data from the monoterpene and isozyme nuclear markers, which indicate the genetic distinctness of north-western populations, particularly Shieldaig (Kinloch et al, 1986). It is notable that the Shieldaig population is also distinct in terms of its possession of the mitotype b variant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…The value of mtDNA differentiation (F ST(m) = 0.37) is some 13 times higher than the equivalent measure of genetic differentiation for nuclear isozyme markers (F ST(b) = 0.028) within these same Scottish populations of P. sylvestris (Kinloch et al, 1986). If populations are assumed to be at drift/migration equilibrium for these two sets of markers an estimate of the ratio of pollen to seed flow among populations can be derived from a comparison of F ST values (Ennos, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the source of the refugial population to the west remains a question for speculation. Consideration of the glacial history of Scotland makes it highly unlikely that the western population was an endemic one, as has been suggested (Kinloch et al, 1986). Given the extent of the ice sheet covering Britain in the last glaciation a source in south-west Ireland or possibly western France seems far more plausible (Ballantyne & Harris, 1994;Bennett, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of genetically determined resin monoterpene composition highlights a group of native populations in Wester Ross possessing a significantly lower proportion of 3-carene in their cortical resin than those elsewhere in Scotland (Forrest, 1980). Data on isozyme variation indicate that the population showing greatest genetic differentiation from its fellows is located at Shieldaig within the Wester Ross group (Kinloch et al, 1986). The inference is that these populations in Wester Ross had a separate origin, and possessed frequencies of genetic markers distinct from those in other native populations at the time of colonization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation

1998

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Data from the pollen record and from two forms of nuclear genetic markers suggest that present-day populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland were derived from more than one refugium after glaciation. In order to clarify this issue, genetic variation for maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied in 466 trees sampled from 20 natural populations in Scotland. A homologous probe for the cox1 mitochondrial gene of P. sylvestris was constructed and used to detect mtDNA RFLP variation. Two common (a and b) and one rare RFLP variant (c) were distinguished. Evidence from segregation patterns of variants within a polymorphic population was consistent with maternal inheritance of the RFLP variation. A survey of Scottish populations indicates that mitotype a is present at all sites, but that mitotype b is confined to three western populations. Genetic differentiation for mtDNA, which migrates solely by seed is much greater (F ST(m) = 0.370) than for nuclear markers (F ST(b) = 0.028) which are dispersed by both pollen and seed. The geographical distribution of mitotype b in western Scotland, and its absence from populations in northern France and Germany, suggest that P. sylvestris has been derived not only from continental Europe via England, but also by migration from a western refugium, probably in Ireland or western France.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation

1998

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“…Monoterpenes are typically very variable within conifer populations, including those of Scots pine [28,29]. This variation is exemplified by the concentrations of single monoterpenes in the needles of trees sampled in the capercaillie study; the mean of the coefficients of variation of monoterpene concentrations calculated across the 42 trees was 57 per cent, in contrast to 11 per cent for needle nitrogen and 18 per cent for needle magnesium concentrations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Iason¹,

O’Reilly-Wapstra

Brewer

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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A central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or nonfunctional. We examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene PSMs within a plant species (Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. We also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, with uncorrelated interactions, is more likely to result in greater PSM diversity, than diffuse coevolution. We tested whether up to 13 different monoterpenes in Scots pine were inhibitory to herbivory by slugs (Arion ater), bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), each of which attack trees at a different life stage. Plants containing more a-pinene were avoided by both slugs and capercaillie, which may act as reinforcing selective agents for this dominant defensive compound. Herbivory by red deer and capercaillie were, respectively, weakly negatively associated with d 3 -carene, and strongly negatively correlated with the minor compound b-ocimene. Three of the four herbivores are probably contributory selective agents on some of the terpenes, and thus maintain some, but by no means all, of the phytochemical diversity in the species. The correlated defensive function of a-pinene against slugs and capercaillie is consistent with diffuse coevolutionary processes.

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Glacial refugia and postglacial expansion of the alpine–prealpine plant species Polygala chamaebuxus

Windmaißer

Kattari

Heubl

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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The shrubby milkwort (Polygala chamaebuxus L.) is widely distributed in the Alps, but occurs also in the lower mountain ranges of Central Europe such as the Franconian Jura or the Bohemian uplands. Populations in these regions may either originate from glacial survival or from postglacial recolonization. In this study, we analyzed 30 populations of P. chamaebuxus from the whole distribution range using AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis to identify glacial refugia and to illuminate the origin of P. chamaebuxus in the lower mountain ranges of Central Europe. Genetic variation and the number of rare fragments within populations were highest in populations from the central part of the distribution range, especially in the Southern Alps (from the Tessin Alps and the Prealps of Lugano to the Triglav Massiv) and in the middle part of the northern Alps. These regions may have served, in accordance with previous studies, as long‐term refugia for the glacial survival of the species. The geographic pattern of genetic variation, as revealed by analysis of molecular variance, Bayesian cluster analysis and a PopGraph genetic network was, however, only weak. Instead of postglacial recolonization from only few long‐term refugia, which would have resulted in deeper genetic splits within the data set, broad waves of postglacial expansion from several short‐term isolated populations in the center to the actual periphery of the distribution range seem to be the scenario explaining the observed pattern of genetic variation most likely. The populations from the lower mountain ranges in Central Europe were more closely related to the populations from the southwestern and northern than from the nearby eastern Alps. Although glacial survival in the Bohemian uplands cannot fully be excluded, P. chamaebuxus seems to have immigrated postglacially from the southwestern or central‐northern parts of the Alps into these regions during the expansion of the pine forests in the early Holocene.

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Caledonian Scots Pine: Origins and Genetic Structure

Cited by 111 publications

References 26 publications

Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation

Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland: evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Glacial refugia and postglacial expansion of the alpine–prealpine plant species Polygala chamaebuxus

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