Calculus bovis: A review of the traditional usages, origin, chemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicology

Zhang, Yu; Xu, Ying; Peng, Wei; Liu, Yujie; Zhang, Jinming; Li, Jinsong; Sun, Tao; Wang, Ping

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112649

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The indigo naturalis contained in Xi Lei San can cool blood detoxification, sterilize tissues, and diminish inflammation [38]. Calculus bovis factitius functions as a sedative, acesodyne, sterilizing agent, anti-inflammatory agent, and vasoconstrictor and also increases blood hemoglobin levels [39]. Borneol can relieve swelling and pain, enhance antisepsis activity, and promote tissue regeneration [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xi Lei San Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats and TNF-α-Stimulated Colitis in CACO2 Cells: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy

Tao

Zhou

Yan

et al. 2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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Objective. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease with an unclear etiology. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) exert anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, and their multitarget characteristics provide them with a unique advantage for treating IBD. However, the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of Xi Lei San in treatment of IBD remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether Xi Lei San exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in IBD via a mechanism involving NLRP3 inflammasomes and autophagy. Methods. We successfully established a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced colitis as well as a cellular model of TNF-α-induced colitis. Xi Lei San and indirubin were identified by HPLC analysis. Rats were treated with Xi Lei San or alum crystals, and their body weights and morphology of intestinal tissues were examined. A western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of inflammasome-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins, ELISA was performed to analyze IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 concentrations, and flow cytometry was used to monitor cell apoptosis and ROS levels. Results. Xi Lei San and indirubin were identified by HPLC analysis. We found that Xi Lei San could significantly increase the weights of rats and improve the structure of the intestinal tissues in DSS-induced colitis model rats. We also found that Xi Lei San significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activity, reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, and suppressed autophagy in DSS-induced colitis model rats. In vitro experiments revealed that Xi Lei San could repress apoptosis as well as ROS and inflammatory cytokine production in TNF-α-induced CACO2 cells by reducing the activity of NLRP3 inflammasomes and autophagy. Conclusions. Our findings showed that Xi Lei San significantly ameliorated IBD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy, and oxidative stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xi Lei San Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats and TNF-α-Stimulated Colitis in CACO2 Cells: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy

Tao

Zhou

Yan

et al. 2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…BB has traditionally been used for the treatment of various diseases, including heart and liver disorders and high fever (reviewed in Yu et al., 2020). BB has also been used for the treatment of encephalopathy (Zhong et al., 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMDA receptor‐dependent and ‐independent effects of natural compounds and crude drugs on synaptic states as revealed by drebrin imaging analysis

Koganezawa

Sekino

Kawakami

et al. 2021

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Effective drugs that can cure cognitive impairments remain elusive. Because synaptic dysfunction has been correlated with cognitive impairments, drug development to target synaptic dysfunction is important. Recently, natural compounds and crude drugs have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for cognitive disorders. However, their effects on synaptic function remain unclear, because of lack of evaluation system with high reproducibility. We have recently developed highly reproducible in vitro high‐content imaging analysis system for evaluation of synaptic function using drebrin as a marker for synaptic states. Therefore, we aimed to examine the direct effects of well‐known natural compounds and crude drugs on synaptic states using this system. Rat hippocampal neurons were treated using natural compounds (nobiletin, diosgenin and tenuifolin) and crude drugs (Uncaria Hook [UH], Bezoar Bovis [BB], Coptis Rhizome [CR], Phellodendron Bark [PB] and Polygala Root [PR]). Immunocytochemical analysis was performed, and dendrite lengths and drebrin cluster densities were automatically quantified. We found that diosgenin, tenuifolin, CR, PB and PR decreased drebrin cluster densities, and the effects of PB and PR were partially dependent on N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid‐type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Nobiletin and UH did not show any effects, whereas low‐dose BB treatment increased drebrin cluster densities. Our results showed that diosgenin, tenuifolin, BB, CR, PB and PR appeared to directly change synaptic states. Particularly, the NMDAR dependency of PB and PR appears to affect synaptic plasticity.

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“…For example, one report has described that four bovines ( Bos primigenius taurus) meat-derived peptides (GFHI, DFHING, FHG, GLSDGEWQ) exhibit the most cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast human cancer cell line and decrease the viability of stomach adenocarcinoma cell lines (AGS) [ 67 ]. Also, a recent work mentioned some antineoplastic effect in S180, 4T1, and HepG2 cell lines of dried gallstones of domesticated cows ( Bos Taurus domesticus Gmalin), also denominated as Calculus bovis [ 68 ]. From other livestock animals like goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus) spleens or livers were isolated the bioactive peptide-3 (ACPB-3), that exhibited anticancer activity against BCG-823, GCSC, and HCT-116 cell lines in vitro and in vivo [ 69 ].…”

Section: Zootherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoopharmacology: A Way to Discover New Cancer Treatments

et al. 2020

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Zoopharmacognosy is the multidisciplinary approach of the self-medication behavior of many kinds of animals. Recent studies showed the presence of antitumoral secondary metabolites in some of the plants employed by animals and their use for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. Other related and sometimes confused term is Zootherapy, which consists on the employment of animal parts and/or their by-products such as toxins, venoms, etc., to treat different human ailments. Therefore, the aim of this work is to provide a brief insight for the use of Zoopharmacology (comprising Zoopharmacognosy and Zootherapy) as new paths to discover drugs studying animal behavior and/or using compounds derived from animals. This work is focused on the approaches related to cancer, in order to propose a new promising line of research to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). This novel subject will encourage the use of new alternative prospective ways to find new medicines.

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Calculus bovis: A review of the traditional usages, origin, chemistry, pharmacological activities and toxicology

Cited by 38 publications

References 15 publications

Xi Lei San Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats and TNF-α-Stimulated Colitis in CACO2 Cells: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy

Xi Lei San Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats and TNF-α-Stimulated Colitis in CACO2 Cells: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy

NMDA receptor‐dependent and ‐independent effects of natural compounds and crude drugs on synaptic states as revealed by drebrin imaging analysis

Zoopharmacology: A Way to Discover New Cancer Treatments

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