Calculation of effective dose fifty (ED50) of antivenom for American pit viper envenomation

Saganuwan, Saganuwan Alhaji

doi:10.1007/s00580-018-2742-1

“…[143]. The LD 50 of T. pachyurus venom in monogastric animals show that mouse (4.8 μg/kg) is highly sensitive to T. pachyurus venom, Hamster (3.48 μg/kg), guinea pig (2.40 μg/kg), rat (2.32 μg/kg), rabbit (1.16 μg/kg), monkey (1.11 μg/kg), marmoset (2.40 μg/kg), squirrel monkey (2.08 μg/kg), ferret (1.99 μg/kg), cat (0.74 μg/ kg), dog and baboon (0.70 μg/kg), child (0.56 μg/kg), micro pig (0.52 μg/kg), mini pig (0.40 μg/kg) and adult human (0.37 mg/kg) respectively [103] indicating that Tityus pachyurus toxin is more toxic to all the species of animals [139] as compared to American pit viper venom [144]. The toxicity may be due to the presence of Tityus toxins that are also present in Tityus pachyurus, T. stigmurus, Tityus obscurus and Tityus serrulatus venom.…”

Section: Treatment Of Scorpionismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicosis of Snake, Scorpion, Honeybee, Spider, and Wasp Venoms: Part 1

Saganuwan¹

2021

Medical Toxicology

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Toxicosis is a poisoning caused by venomous animals such as snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider, and wasp. Their poisons contain amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes, and metallic ions that are responsible for neurotoxicity, hemotoxicity, and myotoxicity. Because of in vivo therapeutic challenges posed by toxicosis, there is need for ideal therapeutic agents against envenomation caused by venomous animals. Findings have shown that toxicosis could be treated symptomatically. Snake and scorpion antivenins could be used for treatment of poisoning caused by snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider, and wasp. The amount of antivenin is dependent on the quantity of venom injected into the affected individuals. More so, symptomatic treatments are also done according to the systems affected. Hospitalization is necessary for assessment of therapeutic success.

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Comparative therapeutic index, lethal time and safety margin of various toxicants and snake antivenoms using newly derived and old formulas

Saganuwan¹

2020

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Objective The assessment of clinical efficacy and toxicity is very important in pharmacology and toxicology. The effects of psychostimulants (e.g. amphetamine), psychotomimetics (e.g. Cannabis sativus) and snake antivenoms are sometimes unpredictable even at lower doses, leading to serious intoxication and fatal consequences. Hence, there is need to re-assess some formulas for calculation of therapeutic index, lethal time and safety margin with a view to identifying therapeutic agents with remarkable toxicity potentials. Results The therapeutic index formula $$\left[ {T_{1} = 3\left( {W_{a} \times 10^{ - 4} } \right)} \right]$$ T 1 = 3 W a × 10 - 4 was derived from T1 = LD50/ED50 and ED50 = $$\frac{{LD_{50} }}{3} x W_{a} \times 10^{ - 4}$$ L D 50 3 x W a × 10 - 4 . Findings have shown that, therapeutic index is a function of death reversal (s), safety factor (10−4) and weight of animal (Wa). However, the new safety margin formula $$\left[ {MS = \sqrt[3]{{\frac{{LT_{50} }}{{LD_{50} }}}} \times \frac{1}{{ED_{99} }}} \right]$$ M S = L T 50 L D 50 3 × 1 E D 99 derived from LT50 = $$\frac{{LD_{50} }}{{D_{1}^{p} }}$$ L D 50 D 1 p and MS = $$\frac{{LD_{1} }}{{ED_{99} }}$$ L D 1 E D 99 shows that safety margin is a function of cube root of ratio between LT50 and LD50 and ED100th. Concentration (k) of toxicant at the receptor $$\left[ {K = \sqrt[3]{{\frac{{LT_{50} }}{{LD_{50} }}}} \times \frac{1}{{T^{n} }}} \right]$$ K = L T 50 L D 50 3 × 1 T n derived from D1 × Tn = K and LD1 = $$\sqrt[3]{{\frac{{LT_{50} }}{{LD_{50} }}}}$$ L T 50 L D 50 3 shows that therapeutic index, lethal time and safety margin is a function of drug or toxicant concentration at the receptor, the drug-receptor interaction and dose of toxicant or drug administered at a particular time.

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Effects of Therapeutic and Toxic Agents on Erythrocytes of Different Species of Animals

Saganuwan¹

2019

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A preponderance of therapeutic and toxic agents that affect erythrocytes is being used in preclinical and clinical settings. Such agents are responsible for wrong diagnosis of a myriad of diseases and poor prognosis of some therapeutic interventions. In view of this, literature search was carried out with a view to investigate morphometry of erythrocytes in various diseased conditions and species of animals. Findings have shown that erythrocyte size, area, and volume vary in different species of animals under different diseased conditions. Environmental factors, toxicants, toxins, therapeutics, and management system, among others, can cause erythrocyte deformation, leading to anemia. Erythrocyte-related diseases include but not limited to sickle cell anemia, malaria, cancer, psychiatric illness, and chronic inflammation. Hence the principal source of our survival is erythrocyte, because it transports oxygen needed for metabolism of cell nutrients. erythrocytes (4.2-6.2 Â 10 12 /L), hemoglobin (100 g/100 mL), and hematocrit (38-54%) of the total blood volume are the standards for human species [12]. Variation in species, age, environmental factors, management system, and pathological conditions could affect the size, shape, area, and volume of erythrocytes. MethodologyExtensive literature search was carried out to identify differences between normal and abnormal erythrocytes of various species of animals including the ones in the wild. Information on beneficial and toxic effects of drugs, chemical toxicants, toxins, plant extracts, chemicals, and diseased conditions were searched on erythrocyte shape, size, and volume for various species of animals including human. Some developed formulas were modified for determination of anemic, polycythemic, hydrated, and dehydrated erythrocytes. Physiological and pathological features of the erythrocytes were also highlighted. Preclinical and clinical values of the changes in erythrocytes in relation to blood diseases caused by various agents were critically analyzed. Effects of toxic and therapeutic agents on metabolic, cancer, infectious, inheritable, and noninheritable diseases of erythrocytes, such as sickle cell anemia, malaria, and hereditary spherocytosis, among others, were elucidated. Erythrocyte

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Calculation of effective dose fifty (ED50) of antivenom for American pit viper envenomation

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Toxicosis of Snake, Scorpion, Honeybee, Spider, and Wasp Venoms: Part 1

Toxicosis of Snake, Scorpion, Honeybee, Spider, and Wasp Venoms: Part 1

Comparative therapeutic index, lethal time and safety margin of various toxicants and snake antivenoms using newly derived and old formulas

Effects of Therapeutic and Toxic Agents on Erythrocytes of Different Species of Animals

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