“…Various studies have demonstrated that the dynamic characteristics of bridges bearing cracks due to moving loads convey sufficient information about damage [14,16]. The dynamic characteristics used to portray damage may involve deflection [17,18,19,20,21,22,23], mode shape [24,25,26], acceleration [27,28,29], moving principal component analysis [30,31], energy ratio of the vibrational response [32], virtual distortion [33], dynamic response sensitivity [34], footprints of the dynamic amplification factor [35], differences in modal curvature [36], and strain sensing [37]. It is worth mentioning that Majumder and Manohar [38] presented a time domain approach for utilizing vibration data induced by a moving vehicle to assess damage in bridge structures based on the framework of finite element modeling.…”