Calcium silicate materials in endodontics

Abstract

Calcium silicate materials have been recently introduced to dentistry and have found wide applications in endodontics because of their favourable biological properties. This review discusses materials that have become available commercially as well as those that are currently experimental. The compositional aspects of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) are discussed with modifications and the development of newer materials. Based upon this information, a definition and classification for calcium silicate materials has been proposed. Calcium silicate materials have properties that make them suitable for use in endodontics. Research with hybrid materials may lead to the development of a cement with more desirable characteristics. Clinical Relevance: Dentists should be aware of the chemistry of the calcium silicate group of materials that includes Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and several newer materials.

WITHDRAWN: Alkalizing properties of new calcium-silicate endodontic biomaterials

“…In the present study, an alkalinizing properties of TheraCal LC (Bisco Inc. Schamburg, IL, USA), MTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc, Bradenton, FL), Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France), RetroMTA (BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), MTA Flow (Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan UT, USA), and OrthoMTA (BioMTA, Seoul, Korea) were evaluated. These materials are commonly used in endodontic treatment as a pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexogenesis, apexification, perforation repair, and retrograde filling [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…Powder of these materials is composed mainly of diand tri-calcium silicates, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, as well as bismuth oxide or zirconium oxide as radiopacifier [1,2,4,5]. After mixing the powder with water, a chemical reaction occurs and is known as hydration [6,7], which produced primarily calcium hydroxide and formed a sticky calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H gel) [6,8,9]. The indications and clinical applications for calcium silicatebased cements are pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexogenesis, apexification, perforation and resorption repair, root canal sealers and retograde surgical filling/root-end sealing [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…After mixing the powder with water, a chemical reaction occurs and is known as hydration [6,7], which produced primarily calcium hydroxide and formed a sticky calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H gel) [6,8,9]. The indications and clinical applications for calcium silicatebased cements are pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexogenesis, apexification, perforation and resorption repair, root canal sealers and retograde surgical filling/root-end sealing [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Calcium silicate-based materials possess bio-properties like biocompatibility, biointeractivity (release calcium (Ca 2+ ) and hydroxyl (OH -) ions) and bioactivity (apatite-forming ability in contact with body fluids) [1,2,11].…”

“…TheraCal LC (Bisco Inc. Schamburg, IL, USA) is a new light-cured, resin-modified calcium silicate cement, and classified as a 4th generation of calcium silicate material (hybrid CSC) [7]. The manufacturer recommends using TheraCal LC as direct and indirect pulp capping material with an ability to stimulate apatite-like precipitates and dentinal bridge, and as a restorative liner and base [4,7,11,19]. It also shows physiochemical bonding to dentin, good sealing abilities, and it is well tolerated by immortalized odontoblast-like cells [19].…”

“…MTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc, Bradenton, FL) is a powder-liquid system consisting of extremely fine, inorganic powder, which sets with water or an anti-washout gel, and it is proposed for treating dental pulp (pulp capping liner, pulpotomy) and root canals (root-end filling, perforation repair, root resorption, apexification, pulpectomy). Different setting times and physical-rheologic properties can be obtained by using the gel and varying the powder to gel ratio [7,[20][21][22][23]. MTA Plus represents a lower-cost, bioactive calcium silicate-based material as a convenient alternative to the conventional calcium silicate MTA-like cements [20].…”