Calcium phosphate cements for bone substitution: Chemistry, handling and mechanical properties

Biodegradable Metallic Wires in Dental and Orthopedic Applications: A Review

“…The bone graft could be taken from the patient (autograft) or donors (allograft) or utilized synthetic materials [131]. Even though both of autograft and allograft have some significant advantages, owing to some clinical problems such as the necessity of performing additional surgery on the donor site as well as size and geometry limitations of autograft and inconsistency with host tissue, and the possibility of disease transmission from donated allograft, a growing demand for synthetic materials as bone substitutes is received from clinicians [132]. Rely on the diamond concept for the bone healing process, synthetic bone materials could play an important role as a scaffold because it can keep mechanical stability.…”

Optimizing the Water-Oil Emulsification Process for Developing CPC Microspheres

“…has compared two powders, one coarse with d(50) of 10.88 µm and one fine with d(50) of 2.22 a significant variable to the sphericity of the microspheres (Figure 5), however when was P/O ratio of 0.02 with a L/P ratio of 0.5, has improved the sphericity of the microspheres and the benefit that the amount of oil was reduced leading to a cost reduce of the process and it will produce less waste material, this is an advantage comparing with the emulsion made by Perez et al 1 , that has fixed the cement paste-to-oil ratio in 0.01. However, this amount of oil cannot be very small in order to avoid the inversion of phases W/O to O/W, which would lead to formation of scaffolds instead of microspheres 11,14 . The microspheres obtained have sizes between 6.29 and 64.23 µm as shown in the graph of Figure 3 and in the micrographs ( Figure 6).…”

“…Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are considered advanced bioceramics due to its ability to form a moldable paste that hardens spontaneously and may be applied in vivo for replacing and/or treating damaged or injured bone tissues 10,[12][13][14] They are bioactive, biocompatible, osteoconductive, and resorbable 4,5 key properties that enhance the biological behavior of any biomedical implant. The intrinsic porosity of CPCs is also crucial as it enhances the resorption rate of the material in addition to promoting increased surface area available for interaction with biological media and incorporation of drugs 10,14 . Some researchers employed emulsions of calcium phosphate pastes to fabricate microspheres and scaffolds 1,15 .…”

Molecular, Cellular and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitutes for Oral and Maxillofacial Grafting

“…There are also composites available, which combine sHAs with other biomaterials, e.g. TCPs or polymers [11,[13][14][15][16]. Interestingly, there is a relatively strict division of commercially available products for oral and maxillofacial surgery and for trauma and reconstructive surgery and orthopedics, although many products are identical, [5,17].…”