“…AEDs are associated with significant side effects including, but not limited to, radiological evidence of rickets, decreased bone mineral density (BMD), altered bone turnover, and increased risk of fracture (Souverein et al, 2005;Karceski, 2007;Gniatkowska-Nowakowska, 2010;Verrotti et al, 2010;Meier and Kraenzlin, 2011). AEDs increase catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by induction of the hepatic P-450 enzyme system, leading to relative hypocalcemia, increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and subsequent low BMD (Dent et al, 1970;Keck et al, 1982;Chung and Ahn, 1994). However, some studies have suggested a significant reduction in BMD with non-enzymeinducing AEDs (Oner et al, 2004;Petty et al, 2005).…”