Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation in Pipes: Effect of Flow Rates, Temperature, and Malic Acid as Additives on the Mass and Morphology of the Scale

Muryanto, S.; Bayuseno, A.P.; Ma’mun, Hisyam; Usamah, Muhammad; Jotho,

doi:10.1016/j.proche.2014.05.009

Cited by 93 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It shows that the presence of Cu 2+ ions is able to increase the induction time and followed by inhibiting the formation of crystal nuclei. This is consistent with the previous findings that the flow rates and temperatures control the induction time [13].This condition is also similar to the previous findings on the role of inorganic ions for formation of calcium carbonate scale. Here, the prolonging induction time follows the decrease of reaction rate [10].…”

Section: Investigation Of the Induction Time For Caco 3 Formationsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The higher flow rates of 60 mL/min and temperatures of 35 O C could accelerate the reaction of Ca and CO 3 ions as a result of increasing mass scale of 0.1840 gr. It indicates that the increasing temperature could contribute the acceleration of scale formation [14] and the rising flow rates also lead to increase of mass scale [7,13]. However, the flow rate selected for this study is relatively low and considered as laminar solution (Reynolds number, N RE 175).…”

Section: Investigation Of the Induction Time For Caco 3 Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a flowing system: Influence of Cu2+ additives on induction time and crystalline phase transformation

Usmany¹,

Putranto²,

Bayuseno³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The Raman spectrum of CaCO 3 polymorphs calcite and aragonite: A combined experimental and computational study The Journal of Chemical Physics 140, 164509 (2014) Abstract. Scaling of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) is commonly found in piping systems in oil, gas, desalination and other chemical processes. The scale may create technical problems, leading to the reduction of heat transfer, increase of energy consumption and unscheduled equipment shutdown. This paper presents crystallization scaling experiments and evaluation of the effect of Cu 2+ additives on the induction time and calcium carbonate transformation. The crystals precursors were prepared using equimolar of CaCl 2 and Na 2 CO 3 resulted in concentrations of 3000 ppm Ca 2+ in the solution. The Cu 2+ in amounts of 0, 1 and 10 ppm was separately added in the solution. The flow rates (20, 35, and 60 mL/min) and elevated temperatures (27, 35 and 45 0 C) were selected in the study. The induction time for crystallization of CaCO 3 was observed by measuring the solution conductivity over time, while the phase transformation of calcium carbonate was examined by XRD method and SEM/EDX. It was found that the conductivity remained steady for a certain period reflecting to the induction time of crystal formation, and then decreased sharply afterwards,. The induction time was increased from 34 and 48 minutes in the presence of Cu additives (1 and 10 ppm), depending on the flow rates and temperature observed. In all the experiments, the Cu 2+ addition leads to the reduction of mass of crystals. Apparently, the presence of Cu 2+ could inhibit the CaCO 3 crystallization. In the absence of Cu 2+ and at elevated temperature, the crystals obtained were a mixture of vaterite and calcite. In the presence of Cu 2+ and at elevated temperature, the crystals formed were aragonite and calcite. Here, the presence of Cu 2+ additives might have controlled the crystal transformation of CaCO 3 .

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Section: Investigation Of the Induction Time For Caco 3 Formationsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Investigation Of the Induction Time For Caco 3 Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a flowing system: Influence of Cu2+ additives on induction time and crystalline phase transformation

Usmany¹,

Putranto²,

Bayuseno³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

Self Cite

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“…This method was applied to monitor the nucleation and crystal growth of organic minerals progressing, either in the absence or the presence scale inhibitor. At the end of induction period, a sudden decrease in the value of conductivity of the solution was waste noted [9]. This indicates that a large number of ions for forming the crystals begin to leave out from the solution.…”

Section: Caco 3 Scale Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tartaric acid (C 4 H 6 O 6 ) as an additive, which was expected to inhibit scaling, was added into the solution in ppm amount. The crystallization reaction to the calcium carbonate scaling can be expressed as follows [9]:…”

Section: Caco 3 Scale Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, many works have recently been focused on the influence of additives on scale formation and control. Here organic acids such as malic acid and tartaric acid are commonly selected for reducing or mitigating calcium carbonate scaling [9]. In the presence of organic acid additives, the mineral transformation of either vaterite to aragonite or to calcite may be delayed in the flowing system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of tartaric acid (C4H6O6) and temperatures on induction time and variation of crystal phases of CaCO3 in a piping system

Putranto¹,

Usmany²,

Bayuseno³

et al. 2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. Calcium carbonate scale formation is a serious problem found in pipes of many industrial processes, such as chemical, desalination and oil industries. The presence of scale makes the narrowing of the diameter of pipes and reduction of heat transfer performance. This paper presents result of crystallization behavior of CaCO 3 in pipes. The crystals forming solutions were made by mixing of equimolar solution to CaCl 2 and Na 2 CO 3 with Ca 2+ concentration of 3,000 ppm. The parameters studied were the solution flow rates (25, 35, 50 mL/min), temperatures (27, 35, 50 o C) and tartaric acid as additives (0.00, 1.00, 10.00 ppm) for the scaling inhibition. The CaCO 3 scales formation process was monitored by measuring the change in the solution conductivity. The scale obtained was then characterized by SEM/EDS for morphology and elemental analysis, and XRD for phase composition. It was observed that the conductivity of the solution remained constant after a certain period, and subsequently it dropped sharply. This induction time obtained was varied from 28 min to 46 min depending on the parameters studied. The higher flow rates and temperatures in the solution resulted in more CaCO 3 scale mass precipitated, indicating that these two parameters may promote CaCO 3 crystallisation. However, the higher tartaric acid concentrations in the solution lead to less mass of the scale produced and could reduce the mass down to 90%. It can be postulated that the tartaric acid may be an effective additive for CaCO 3 crystallization. SEM and EDS analysis of the scale indicated that the scale was composed of calcium carbonate. In addition, XRD characterization of the scale confirmed that the scale consisted of vaterite, aragonite and calcite minerals. The scale of aragonite mineral was precipitated under the influence of tartaric acid and temperatures. This indicates that the acid could delay the transformation into stable phase of calcite.

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Natural Scale Inhibitors

Kaur,

Saxena

2024

Industrial Scale Inhibition

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Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation in Pipes: Effect of Flow Rates, Temperature, and Malic Acid as Additives on the Mass and Morphology of the Scale

Cited by 93 publications

References 16 publications

Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a flowing system: Influence of Cu2+ additives on induction time and crystalline phase transformation

Crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a flowing system: Influence of Cu2+ additives on induction time and crystalline phase transformation

Effect of tartaric acid (C4H6O6) and temperatures on induction time and variation of crystal phases of CaCO3 in a piping system

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