Calcium-based nanomaterials and their interrelation with chitosan: optimization for pCRISPR delivery

Abstract

There have been numerous advancements in the early diagnosis, detection, and treatment of genetic diseases. In this regard, CRISPR technology is promising to treat some types of genetic issues. In this study, the relationship between calcium (due to its considerable physicochemical properties) and chitosan (as a natural linear polysaccharide) was investigated and optimized for pCRISPR delivery. To achieve this, different forms of calcium, such as calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs), calcium phosphate (CaP), a binary blend of calcium and chitosan including CaNPs/Chitosan and CaP/Chitosan, as well as their tertiary blend including CaNPs–CaP/Chitosan, were prepared via both routine and green procedures using Salvia hispanica to reduce toxicity and increase nanoparticle stability (with a yield of 85%). Such materials were also applied to the human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line for pCRISPR delivery. The results were optimized using different characterization techniques demonstrating acceptable binding with DNA (for both CaNPs/Chitosan and CaNPs–CaP/Chitosan) significantly enhancing green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (about 25% for CaP/Chitosan and more than 14% for CaNPs–CaP/Chitosan). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40097-021-00446-1.

Macrophage Cell Membrane‐Cloaked Nanoplatforms for Biomedical Applications

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Cell loaded hydrogel containing Ag‐doped bioactive glass–ceramic nanoparticles as skin substitute: Antibacterial properties, immune response, and scarless cutaneous wound regeneration

“…The fabricated nanofibrous scaffold exhibited a high degree of biocompatibility and may be used as a tissue engineering skin substitute to expedite the healing of skin wounds 24,47 . The scaffolds were conducive to cell attachment and bridging of the fibers by cell extensions.…”

Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites for biomedical applications: a critical review

“…The results showed that after the addition of different weight ratios of chitosan to the calcium and calcium phosphate nanoparticles, the zeta potential increased considerably and led to considerable interactions with the pCRISPR. 129 Elsewhere, they demonstrated that by the addition of these PSAs to the nanostructures (nanocarriers), even highly toxic nanocarriers such as (ZnO) x (GaN) 1Àx , the relative cell viability as well as the biocompatibility and biodegradability could be increased considerably on different cell lines, leading to considerable and successful drug/ gene delivery to the targeted tissues/cells. 130 Table 4 has gathered various nanocomposite scaffolds that endorse drug/ gene delivery.…”

“…3 A schematic illustrations on the preparation of nanoblends of chitosan and different calcium forms for pCRISPR delivery on the HEK-293 cell lines. 129 bacterial features (chitosan), and natural hemostasis performance (chitosan, cellulose, oxidized cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose) are the reasons behind the use of PSAs as bloodclotting biomaterials. 154 Importantly, they must be able to be excreted from the body by natural mechanisms (such as enzymatic degradation), especially if injected into the internal parts of body (such as liver 155 ).…”