Caffeinated Drinks, Alcohol Consumption, and Hangover Severity

Penning, Renske; Haan, Lydia de; Verster, Joris C.

doi:10.2174/1876523801104010036

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Breathalyzer assessment on leaving the bar revealed that BrAC levels were similar in those who consumed alcohol mixed with cola (BrAC 0.108%) or consumed AmED (BrAC 0.106%), and somewhat higher than found in those who consumed alcohol only (BrAC 0.091%). A recent survey confirmed these findings among Dutch students, when reporting on their latest night out that caused a hangover 47. No difference in total alcohol consumption was found between those who consumed alcohol alone or AmED, whereas those who mixed alcohol with cola beverages consumed significantly more alcohol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: misconceptions, myths, and facts

Verster¹,

Aufricht²,

Alford³

2012

IJGM

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BackgroundWhilst energy drinks improve performance and feelings of alertness, recent articles suggest that energy drink consumption combined with alcohol may reduce perception of alcohol intoxication, or lead to increased alcohol or drug use. This review discusses the available scientific evidence on the effects of mixing energy drinks with alcohol.MethodsA literature search was performed using the keywords “energy drink and Red Bull®” and consulting Medline/Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Embase.ResultsThere is little evidence that energy drinks antagonize the behavioral effects of alcohol, and there is no consistent evidence that energy drinks alter the perceived level of intoxication of people who mix energy drinks with alcohol. No clinically relevant cardiovascular or other adverse effects have been reported for healthy subjects combining energy drinks with alcohol, although there are no long-term investigations currently available. Finally, whilst several surveys have shown associations, there is no direct evidence that coadministration of energy drinks increases alcohol consumption, or initiates drug and alcohol dependence or abuse.ConclusionAlthough some reports suggest that energy drinks lead to reduced awareness of intoxication and increased alcohol consumption, a review of the available literature shows that these views are not supported by direct or reliable scientific evidence. A personality with higher levels of risk-taking behavior may be the primary reason for increased alcohol and drug abuse per se. The coconsumption of energy drinks being one of the many expressions of that type of lifestyle and personality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: misconceptions, myths, and facts

Verster¹,

Aufricht²,

Alford³

2012

IJGM

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“…Energy drinks are a relatively new mixer option and up until now, only a few comparisons have been made between energy drinks and other popular mixers such as colas. These studies have shown that people who mix alcohol with energy drinks consume less alcohol than people who mix alcohol with colas 19,20. However, these studies had small sample sizes and did not examine the motives for mixing alcohol with specific beverages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motives for mixing alcohol with energy drinks and other nonalcoholic beverages, and consequences for overall alcohol consumption

Verster¹,

Benson²,

Scholey³

2014

IJGM

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IntroductionThe aim of this survey was to assess the motives for energy drink consumption, both alone and mixed with alcohol, and to determine whether negative or neutral motives for consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AMED) have a differential effect on overall alcohol consumption.MethodsDemographics, alcohol and energy drink consumption-related questions, and motives for the consumption of energy drinks (alone or mixed with alcohol) were assessed. The motives to mix alcohol with energy drinks were compared with those for mixing alcohol with other nonalcoholic beverages.ResultsA total of 2,329 students who completed the study consumed energy drinks. The motives for consuming energy drinks (without alcohol) included “I like the taste” (58.6%), “To keep me awake” (54.3%), “It gives me energy” (44.3%), “It helps concentrating when studying” (33.9%), “It increases alertness” (28.8%), “It helps me concentrate better” (20.6%), and “It makes me less sleepy when driving” (14.2%). A total of 1,239 students reported occasionally consuming AMED (AMED group). The most frequent motives included “I like the taste” (81.1%), “I wanted to drink something else” (35.3%), and “To celebrate a special occasion” (14.6%). No relevant differences in motives were observed for using an energy drink or another nonalcoholic beverage as a mixer. A minority of students (21.6%) reported at least one negative motive to consume AMED. Despite these negative motives, students reported consuming significantly less alcohol on occasions when they consumed AMED compared to alcohol-only occasions.ConclusionThe majority of students who consume energy drinks (without alcohol) do so because they like the taste, or they consume these drinks to keep them awake and give them energy. AMED consumption is more frequently motivated by neutral as opposed to negative motives. No relevant differences in drinking motives and overall alcohol consumption were observed between the occasions when energy drinks or other nonalcoholic beverages were mixed with alcohol.

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“…These surveys were conducted among students, and reported that between 6% and 40% of students confirmed consuming AMED at least once 7–9. Most studies have presented significant correlations between energy drink and alcohol consumption, and reported that those who consumed AMED generally consumed more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related consequences (eg, driving while intoxicated) than those who consumed alcohol alone 10,11. Other researchers have questioned the methodology of these surveys and the interpretation of the results 1,12,13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: methodology and design of the Utrecht Student Survey

Haan¹,

Haan²,

Olivier³

et al. 2012

IJGM

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This paper describes the methodology of the Utrecht Student Survey. This online survey was conducted in June 2011 by 6002 students living in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The aim of the survey was to determine the potential impact of mixing alcoholic beverages with energy drinks on overall alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. In contrast to most previous surveys conducted on this topic, the current survey used a more appropriate within-subject design, comparing the alcohol consumption of individuals who consume alcohol mixed with energy drinks on occasions. Specifically, a comparison was conducted to examine the occasions during which these individuals consume this mixture versus occasions during which they consume alcohol alone. In addition to energy drinks, the consumption of other non-alcoholic mixers was also assessed when combined with alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, the reasons for consuming energy drinks alone or in combination with alcohol were investigated, and were compared to reasons for mixing alcohol with other non-alcoholic beverages. Finally, personality characteristics and the level of risk-taking behavior among the individuals were also assessed to explore their relationship with alcohol consumption. The Utrecht Student Survey will be replicated in the USA, Australia, and the UK. Results will be pooled, but also examined for possible cross-cultural differences.

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Caffeinated Drinks, Alcohol Consumption, and Hangover Severity

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: misconceptions, myths, and facts

Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: misconceptions, myths, and facts

Motives for mixing alcohol with energy drinks and other nonalcoholic beverages, and consequences for overall alcohol consumption

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: methodology and design of the Utrecht Student Survey

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