Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: methodology and design of the Utrecht Student Survey

Haan, Lydia de; Haan, Hein A. de; Olivier, Berend; Verster, Joris C.

doi:10.2147/ijgm.s37401

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Our analysis shows that the student sample obtained does not differ significantly from the total Utrecht student population 25. Also, there is no reason to assume that students from Utrecht University are very different from those attending other universities in The Netherlands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The age and gender distribution of the sample obtained did not differ significantly from the total Utrecht student population 25. The alcohol-only group comprised 3185 subjects and the AMED group comprised 1239 subjects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In addition to the BYAACQ, two additional items were included to determine whether participants were injured or got into a fight after alcohol consumption (with or without mixing with energy drinks). A detailed description of the survey design and its questions can be found elsewhere 25. Furthermore, it should be taken into account that alcoholic drinks in The Netherlands, when obtained in a bar, pub, or restaurant, contain a standardized amount of alcohol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences

Haan¹,

Haan²,

Palen³

et al. 2012

IJGM

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine differences in alcohol consumption and its consequences when consumed alone and when mixed with energy drinks.MethodsA survey was conducted among Dutch students at Utrecht University and the College of Utrecht. We collected data on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences of alcohol consumed alone and/or alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AMED). The data were analyzed using a retrospective within-subject design, comparing occasions when subjects consumed AMED with those when they consumed alcohol only in the past 30 days.ResultsA representative sample of 6002 students completed the survey, including 1239 who consumed AMED. Compared with consuming alcohol only, when consuming AMED, students consumed significantly fewer alcoholic drinks on an average drinking day (6.0 versus 5.4, respectively), and reported significantly fewer drinking days in the previous month (9.2 versus 1.4), significantly fewer days being drunk (1.9 versus 0.5), and significantly fewer occasions of consuming more than four (female)/five (male) alcoholic drinks (4.7 versus 0.9). The maximum number of mixed alcoholic drinks (4.5) in the previous month was significantly lower when compared with occasions when they consumed alcohol only (10.7). Accordingly, the mean duration of a drinking session was significantly shorter when mixing alcoholic drinks (4.0 versus 6.0 hours). Finally, when consuming AMED, significantly fewer alcohol-related consequences were reported (2.6) for the previous year, including driving a car while intoxicated, taking foolish risks, or being injured or hurt, as compared with alcohol-related consequences when consuming alcohol only (4.9).ConclusionMixing alcohol with energy drinks decreases overall alcohol consumption, and decreases the likelihood of experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences

Haan¹,

Haan²,

Palen³

et al. 2012

IJGM

Self Cite

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“…Students were included if they were 18–30 years old and provided informed consent. A thorough description of the survey and its methodology is provided elsewhere 11. The survey collected demographic data and data on alcohol and energy drink consumption, either consumed alone or mixed, and alcohol-related negative consequences.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motives for mixing alcohol with energy drinks and other nonalcoholic beverages, and consequences for overall alcohol consumption

Verster¹,

Benson²,

Scholey³

2014

IJGM

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IntroductionThe aim of this survey was to assess the motives for energy drink consumption, both alone and mixed with alcohol, and to determine whether negative or neutral motives for consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AMED) have a differential effect on overall alcohol consumption.MethodsDemographics, alcohol and energy drink consumption-related questions, and motives for the consumption of energy drinks (alone or mixed with alcohol) were assessed. The motives to mix alcohol with energy drinks were compared with those for mixing alcohol with other nonalcoholic beverages.ResultsA total of 2,329 students who completed the study consumed energy drinks. The motives for consuming energy drinks (without alcohol) included “I like the taste” (58.6%), “To keep me awake” (54.3%), “It gives me energy” (44.3%), “It helps concentrating when studying” (33.9%), “It increases alertness” (28.8%), “It helps me concentrate better” (20.6%), and “It makes me less sleepy when driving” (14.2%). A total of 1,239 students reported occasionally consuming AMED (AMED group). The most frequent motives included “I like the taste” (81.1%), “I wanted to drink something else” (35.3%), and “To celebrate a special occasion” (14.6%). No relevant differences in motives were observed for using an energy drink or another nonalcoholic beverage as a mixer. A minority of students (21.6%) reported at least one negative motive to consume AMED. Despite these negative motives, students reported consuming significantly less alcohol on occasions when they consumed AMED compared to alcohol-only occasions.ConclusionThe majority of students who consume energy drinks (without alcohol) do so because they like the taste, or they consume these drinks to keep them awake and give them energy. AMED consumption is more frequently motivated by neutral as opposed to negative motives. No relevant differences in drinking motives and overall alcohol consumption were observed between the occasions when energy drinks or other nonalcoholic beverages were mixed with alcohol.

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“…However, it is important to take into account that higher BrAC levels have been reported in real-life settings than those permitted in controlled experimental studies. This is evident from surveys examining AMED and alcohol consumption (e.g., De Haan et al 2012a , b ), but also from observational studies (e.g., Hesse and Tutenges 2009 ). On-premise studies can provide additional information of alcohol consumers with higher BrACs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of mixing alcohol with energy drink on objective and subjective intoxication: results from a Dutch on-premise study

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe purpose of this on-premise study was to determine if alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption masks the subjective feelings of intoxication when compared to consuming alcohol only.MethodsThe study was conducted on five nights in the city center of Utrecht. N = 997 people leaving bars were interviewed about their alcohol consumption with and without energy drinks, for that particular evening and for other occasions. People reporting drug and medication use were excluded (N = 84). Subjective intoxication was rated on a 10-point scale. Objective intoxication (breath alcohol concentration, BrAC) was determined with a breath alcohol test. Three groups were identified: (1) the AMED-tonight group (N = 185, 20.2 %), (2) the AMED-other-nights group (N = 246, 27.1 %), and (3) the no-AMED group (N = 482, 52.7 %).ResultsObjective intoxication (BrAC) did not significantly differ (p = 0.94) between the AMED-tonight group (0.074 % ± 0.05), AMED-other-nights group (0.073 % ± 0.05), and the no-AMED group (0.074 % ± 0.05). In line, subjective intoxication was not significantly different (p = 0.96) between the AMED-tonight group (4.5 ± 2.2), AMED-other-nights group (4.6 ± 2.3), and no-AMED group (4.6 ± 2.2).Within-subjects comparisons revealed no significant differences in total alcohol consumption between AMED occasions and alcohol only occasions. Regression analyses showed that “gender” (beta = 0.078, p = 0.016), “time of testing” (beta = 0.085, p = 0.009,) and “BrAC” (beta = 0.574, p = 0.0001) together explained 37.7 % of variance of subjective intoxication scores (Cohen’s f2 = 0.605). Whether or not subjects consumed energy drinks did not predict subjective intoxication scores.ConclusionThe data suggests that mixing alcohol with energy drink does not mask subjective intoxication.

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Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: methodology and design of the Utrecht Student Survey

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences

Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences

Motives for mixing alcohol with energy drinks and other nonalcoholic beverages, and consequences for overall alcohol consumption

Effects of mixing alcohol with energy drink on objective and subjective intoxication: results from a Dutch on-premise study

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