Cacao yield in different planting densities

Souza, Carlos Alberto Spaggiari; Dias, Luíz Antônio dos Santos; Aguilar, Marco Antonio Galeas; Sonegheti, Sabrina; Oliveira, J.R. da C.; Costa, Jorge de Assis

doi:10.1590/s1516-89132009000600001

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Vertical growth is usually restricted to the first jorquette (fan of branches) (Wood and Lass, 2001) Maharaj et al (2005), Souza et al (2009), among others, found that it is possible to optimize the regional cocoa yields by implementing high planting densities (1736-2500 trees ha −1 ). However, Souza et al (2009) observed plant density by year interaction where increased yields were restricted to the first half of the crop period. In the second half, a lower planting density (1059 trees ha −1 ) resulted in the best yield.…”

Section: Planting Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Agronomy, Quality, Nutritional, and Health Aspects

Badrie

Bekele

Sikora

et al. 2014

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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The history of cocoa and chocolate including the birth and the expansion of the chocolate industry was described. Recent developments in the industry and cocoa economy were briefly depicted. An overview of the classification of cacao as well as studies on phenotypic and genetic diversity was presented. Cocoa agronomic practices including traditional and modern propagation techniques were reviewed. Nutrition-related health benefits derived from cocoa consumption were listed and widely reviewed. The specific action of cocoa antioxidants was compared to those of teas and wines. Effects of adding milk to chocolate and chocolate drinks versus bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols were discussed. Finally, flavor, sensory, microbiological, and toxicological aspects of cocoa consumption were presented.

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Section: Planting Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Agronomy, Quality, Nutritional, and Health Aspects

Badrie

Bekele

Sikora

et al. 2014

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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“…Frutos e sementes são também infectados com o fungo, sujeitando-os a necrose e perda do valor comercial. O controle da doença ocorre através de podas de saneamento, controle químico e uso de genótipos resistentes (Souza et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Caracterização de frutos de clones de cacaueiros na região litorânea de São Mateus, ES

Alexandre

Chagas

Marques

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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R E S U M OObjetivou-se, com trabalho, avaliar a pós-colheita de clones de cacaueiros produzidos na região litorânea do norte do Espírito Santo, quanto às características físicas e químicas de seus frutos. As caracterizações físicas e químicas foram realizadas a partir de 10 frutos referentes a sete clones de cacau (CCN 10, CCN 51, CEPEC 2002, PH 15, PH 16, OS 1319 e TSH 1188. Foram avaliados o peso total, diâmetro e comprimento do fruto, peso da casca, espessura do sulco e da região mais espessa da casca, número, peso seco, largura, espessura e comprimento das amêndoas, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH da polpa e relação SST/ATT. As médias obtidas foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de probabilidade; em seguida, procedeu-se à análise da divergência genética. Foi observada a presença de divergência genética entre as populações estudadas ocorrendo a formação de três grupos pelo método de Tocher e dois grupos quando aplicado o Unweighted Pair-Group Method Average (UPGMA). Os clones CCN 10 e CCN 51 são os mais indicados para a produção de amêndoas e as variáveis, referentes ao tamanho do fruto, comprimento e diâmetro, foram as que mais contribuíram na diversidade genética dos genótipos.

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“…Remarkably few studies have explored the relationship between cocoa yield and planting density. The scarce experimental evidence indicates that cocoa yield per hectare increases with planting density (Armstrong 1976;Charles 1961;Dias et al 2000;Pacheco et al 2003;Kowal 1959;Smith 2015;Spaggiari Souza et al 2009;Mooleedhar and Lauckner 1990). Lockwood and Yin (1996) found no differences in yields in the density range evaluated.…”

Section: How Does Yield Per Hectare Change With Density?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Bahia, Brazil, higher yields were obtained at higher densities in the range of 1000-5000 trees ha −1 . However, using the maximum cocoa planting density is not always possible because it also increases the incidence of diseases (Dias et al 2000;Spaggiari Souza et al 2009).…”

Section: How Does Yield Per Hectare Change With Density?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, in the Plantation Model in Brazil, cacao was planted at 600-700 trees ha −1 until the beginning of the twentieth century, but then planting density was increased to 1111 plants ha −1 (3 × 3 m), a system that is still in use today. In agroforestry models in Brazil, cacao plantation density does not exceed 400 trees ha −1 (Spaggiari Souza et al 2009). Cocoa plantations in Central America (Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize) have an average of 625 (ranging between 450 and 800) plants ha −1 .…”

Section: Plantation and Farmer Cocoa Production Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

Somarriba

Peguero

Cerda

et al. 2021

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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Cocoa farmers must decide on whether to rehabilitate (Rh) or to renovate (Re) a cocoa orchard when its productivity declines due to ageing, disease outbreaks or other causes. Deciding on Rh/Re is often a complex, expensive and conflictive process.In this review, we (1) explore the diversity of contexts, driving forces, stakeholders and recommended management practices involved in Rh/Re initiatives in key cocoa-producing countries; (2) summarise the often conflicting views of farmers and extension agents on Rh/Re programmes; (3) review the evidence of age-related changes in planting density and yield of cocoa, given the weight of these variables in Rh/Re decision processes; (4) describe the best known Rh/Re systems and their most common management practices; (5) propose an agroforestry Re approach that overcomes the limitation of current Rh/Re diagnosis protocols, which do not consider the regular flow of food crop and tree products, and the need to restore site soil quality to sustain another cycle of cultivation of cocoa at the same site; and (6) explore the effects of climate change considerations on Rh/Re decision-making and implementation processes.Each Rh/Re decision-making process is unique and highly context-dependent (household and farm, soil, climate, culture). Tailored solutions are needed for each farmer and context. The analysis, concepts and models presented for cocoa in this paper may also apply to coffee orchards.

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Cacao yield in different planting densities

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Cocoa Agronomy, Quality, Nutritional, and Health Aspects

Cocoa Agronomy, Quality, Nutritional, and Health Aspects

Caracterização de frutos de clones de cacaueiros na região litorânea de São Mateus, ES

Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

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