C60 fullerene accumulation in human leukemic cells and perspectives of LED-mediated photodynamic therapy

Abstract

Recent progress in nanobiotechnology has attracted interest to a biomedical application of the carbon nanostructure C fullerene since it possesses a unique structure and versatile biological activity. C fullerene potential application in the frame of cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on rapid development of new light sources as well as on better understanding of the fullerene interaction with cells. The aim of this study was to analyze C fullerene effects on human leukemic cells (CCRF-CEM) in combination with high power single chip light-emitting diodes (LEDs) light irradiation of different wavelengths: ultraviolet (UV, 365 nm), violet (405 nm), green (515 nm) and red (632 nm). The time-dependent accumulation of fullerene C in CCRF-CEM cells up to 250 ng/10 cells at 24 h with predominant localization within mitochondria was demonstrated with immunocytochemical staining and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. In a cell viability assay we studied photoexcitation of the accumulated C nanostructures with ultraviolet or violet LEDs and could prove that significant phototoxic effects did arise. A less pronounced C fullerene phototoxic effect was observed after irradiation with green, and no effect was detected with red light. A C fullerene photoactivation with violet light induced substantial ROS generation and apoptotic cell death, confirmed by caspase3/7 activation and plasma membrane phosphatidylserine externalization. Our work proved C fullerene ability to induce apoptosis of leukemic cells after photoexcitation with high power single chip 405 nm LED as a light source. This underlined the potential for application of C nanostructure as a photosensitizer for anticancer therapy.

Complexation with C60 Fullerene Increases Doxorubicin Efficiency against Leukemic Cells In Vitro

“…2a). The UV/Vis absorption spectrum of pristine C 60 water colloidal solution has three typical absorption bands with maxima at 220, 265 and 350 nm and a long minor broad tail up to the red region of the visible light [34, 44]. Therefore, the respective control spectra of free C 60 were subtracted from complex’s spectra.…”

pH-Sensitive Co-Adsorption/Release of Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel by Carbon Nanotube, Fullerene, and Graphene Oxide in Combination with N-isopropylacrylamide: A Molecular Dynamics Study

“…Some studies have shown that encapsulation or micro-encapsulation of fullerene in special carriers such as cyclodextrins and chemical functionalization by amino acid, carboxylic acid, poly hydroxyl group, and amphiphilic polymers can enhance the hydrophilicity and drastically reduce fullerene’s toxicity. The biological efficacy of water-soluble fullerenes has been investigated in vitro, indicating its low toxicity [27,28,29,30,31].…”

Theranostic Nanoparticles and Their Spectrum in Cancer

“…Fullerenes are suitable for multiple functionalization steps according to their particular globular network structure [97]. They are widely used as excellent antioxidants [98], antiviral agents [99,100], drug and gene delivery systems [101][102][103] and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy [104,105]. On the other hand, elongated design of carbon nanotubes diagnostic imaging strategies [106][107][108][109][110], drug delivery [111][112][113] and also photothermal therapy [114,115].…”