C-Reactive Protein in Oral Contraceptive Users: Related Factors and Cardiovascular
            Risk

Santos, Alan Carlos Nery dos; Petto, Jefferson; Oliveira, Francisco Tiago Oliveira de; Diogo, Diego Passos; Ladeia, Ana Marice Teixeira

doi:10.5935/2359-4802.20160051

Cited by 14 publications

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“…Consistent with the literature, our study demonstrated a significant increase in serum TG, HDL-cholesterol, CRP, and systolic blood pressure values in GCOC, whereas no difference was detected in LDL-cholesterol values. 29 - 31 However, caution should be taken when analyzing the LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol results, because the TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio is significantly higher in this group of women, indicating a higher atherogenic potential related to LDL cholesterol. Regarding HDL cholesterol, although in our sample its values are significantly high, it is not yet known what the effects of COC on its subfractions are, since atherogenic particles of HDL-cholesterol are present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Elevation of Oxidized Lipoprotein of Low Density in Users of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Santos¹,

Petto²,

Diogo³

et al. 2018

Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia

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BackgroundThe use of combined oral contraceptive (COC) has been related to changes in glycemic, lipid metabolism, increased oxidative stress, and systemic blood pressure, which could suggest a higher oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) in women on use of COC.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that there is a difference in the plasma values of oxidized LDL among women who use and do not use COC, as well as to evaluate the correlation between it and the lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).MethodsForty-two women with ages between 18 and 35 years old, who were eutrophic, irregularly active, with triglycerides < 150 mg/dL, blood glucose < 100 mg/dL, and who used or did not use COC were selected. These women were allocated in the COC group, formed by 21 women on COC use for at least 1 year; and a control group (CG), consisting of 21 women who had not used any type of hormonal contraceptive for at least 1 year. A significance level of 5% was adopted for statistical analyses.ResultsIt was observed that GCOC showed higher values of oxidized LDL than the CG, respectively 384 mU/mL versus 283 mU/mL (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between oxidized LDL and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.3, p < 0.05), with total cholesterol (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) and with triglycerides (r = 0.32, p < 0.03) was observed, and there was no correlation with the hs-CRP. In the categorized analysis of oxidized LDL, 71.4% of GCOC women, and 28.6% of the CG remained above the established cutoff point.ConclusionWomen who use COC have higher plasma levels of oxidized LDL, and there is a positive correlation between oxidized LDL and other lipid variables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“… 33 In addition, it was also shown that one in three women on COC shows CRP > 3 mg/L, which according to the literature can markedly increase the risk of cardiovascular events. 29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevation of Oxidized Lipoprotein of Low Density in Users of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Santos¹,

Petto²,

Diogo³

et al. 2018

Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia

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“…In OC-users we found a higher frequency of elevated oxidative stress and inflammation compared to non-OC-users. dos Santos and colleagues [ 31 ] hypothesized that several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, elevate inflammation in hormonal contraception users, suggesting a causative role of oxidative stress in blood hsCRP increase. The biochemical pathways linking oxidative stress and inflammation elevation have, however, to be still completely elucidated, in particular in view of their potential adverse effects, including for example thromboembolic events, endothelial damage, CVDs, and cancer [ 50 , 72 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presently, limited research assessed oxidative stress [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] and low-grade inflammatory status [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] in pre-menopausal women OC-users, two conditions that have been independently implicated in several pathologies, including CVDs and cancer. Rather surprisingly no study examined the relationship between oxidative stress and low-grade inflammatory status in a sample of childbearing age women according to OC use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, there is some evidence that OC use raises the chronic low-grade inflammatory status as assessed by the increase of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 ]. Elevation of hsCRP in young women [ 16 ] implies several potential adverse effects including CVD risk [ 39 , 40 ], endothelial damage, myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Combined Oral Contraceptives Users and Is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

et al. 2021

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Information concerning the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in young healthy women predisposing eventually to future diseases is scarce. We investigated the relationship of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in fertile-age women by oral combined contraceptive (OC) use. Caucasian Italian healthy non-obese women (n = 290; 100 OC-users; 190 non-OC-users; mean age 23.2 ± 4.7 years) were analyzed. Blood hydroperoxides, as oxidative stress biomarkers, were assessed by Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT). Serum hsCRP was determined by an ultra-sensitive method (hsCRP). Markedly elevated oxidative stress (≥400 FORT Units) was found in 77.0% of OC-users and 1.6% of non-OC-users, odds ratio (OR) = 209, 95% CI = 60.9–715.4, p < 0.001. Elevated hsCRP levels ≥ 2.0 mg/L, considered risky for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), were found in 41.0% of OC-users and 9.5% of non-OC-users, OR = 6.6, 95%CI 3.5–12.4, p < 0.001. Hydroperoxides were strongly positively correlated to hsCRP in all women (rs = 0.622, p < 0.001), in OC-users (rs = 0.442, p < 0.001), and in non-OC-users (rs = 0.426, p < 0.001). Women with hydroperoxides ≥ 400 FORT Units were eight times as likely to have hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. In non-OC-users only, hydroperoxides values were positively correlated with weight and body mass index, but negatively correlated with red meat, fish and chocolate consumption. Our research is the first finding a strong positive correlation of serum hydroperoxides with hsCRP, a marker of low-grade chronic inflammation, in young healthy women. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential role of these two biomarkers in OC-use associated side-effects, like thromboembolism and other CVDs.

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2022

IJPSR

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To compare the effect of combined oral contraceptive (COC) and progesterone-only injectable contraceptive (PIC) on the inflammation, we recruited 47 female participants (16 to 43 years old) in 3 groups: control participants (n=10), COC users (n=16) and PIC users (n=21). Using ELISA and Latex agglutination methods, we measured the effect of hormonal contraceptives on the inflammatory blood biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP). Data were collected from July 2019 to January 2020 from Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital. The users of both COC and PIC had higher levels of CRP (p<0.001), as compared to the controls, and COC users had higher levels as compared to PIC users (p<0.001). We also found a correlation between the CRP data of contraceptive users and some socio-demographic variables. The CRP values of different demographic variables in the Elisa method but not in the Latex method were significantly correlated (p<0.01). There was a significant association between the types of contraceptives used, as measured both Latex and Elisa methods. Our data suggested that limiting hormonal contraceptives can decrease the high-sensitivity CRP in women. Longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are needed to better assess the inflammatory and agglutination response due to contraceptive use. CRP values in the Latex method were statistically insignificant (p>0.05), but the variations of CRP values in the Elisa method were statistically significant (p<0.001). Only the Elisa test is recommended for the measurement of CRP.

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C-Reactive Protein in Oral Contraceptive Users: Related Factors and Cardiovascular Risk

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Elevation of Oxidized Lipoprotein of Low Density in Users of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Elevation of Oxidized Lipoprotein of Low Density in Users of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Combined Oral Contraceptives Users and Is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

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