C-reactive Protein as a Quantitative Biomarker in Female Dogs Undergoing Laparoscopic and Open Elective Ovariectomy

Abstract

Background: Injury or inflammation to the animal body resulted in the initiation of the acute-phase response (APR). Many plasma proteins increase in concentration in response to inflammatory stimuli, but C- reactive protein is considered as the most suitable markers due to their rapid and substantial increase in concentration and short half-lives. The CRP response varied according to the degree of surgical trauma on 3-standardized levels indicating CRP as an inflammatory activity indicator and monitoring markers. The aim of this study was to assess CRP concentrations in female dogs undergoing laparoscopic and open elective ovariectomy. Methods: The studies were conducted on twenty clinically healthy, adult, female dogs under elective spaying. Twenty healthy bitches were randomly assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) consisting of five animals in each group. The studies were conducted in two phases (I and II).In phase I ovariectomy had been performed in animals of groups A and B with laparoscopy whereas, in phase II ovariectomy in animals of groups C and D were done by open laparotomy. Result: The pre-treatment CRP values did not show any significant change whereas post treatment values of group B were significantly lower as compared to groups D and C. On day 4th, group D values were significantly higher than groups C, B and A. Group C values were also significantly higher than group B. The highest value in group D might be due to more surgical manipulations and post-operative infection at surgical site in the animals under this group.

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches Using an Alfaxalone–Midazolam–Morphine–Sevoflurane Protocol

“…In this study, RBC and PCV levels decreased from 30 min to 24 h, also the HB concentration decreased from 6 to 12 h after surgery, followed by an increase to baseline levels. Similar results in relation to RBC and PCV were obtained in other studies [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 32 ] during intra and post-surgical times when different surgical and anesthetic protocols were used. The similarity between results suggests that erythrocyte parameters respond in a similar way despite the anesthetic and surgical protocols used in bitches that underwent OHE.…”

“…CREAT values did not increase in the initial intervals after the administration of the agents, although BUN concentrations decreased from 30 min to 3 days [ 10 ]. Similar results for CREAT were observed for the same surgical procedure in the literature [ 32 ]. BUN levels progressively decreased from 30 min to 3 days, increasing progressively until the end of the study.…”

“…These results partially confirm those obtained by other researchers using different anesthetic protocols and the same surgical technique. One study reported similar intraoperative increases in WBC and NFS, with LYMPH decrease [ 32 ]. The intraoperative and post-surgical neutrophilia and lymphopenia might have been the result of the stress caused by the anesthetic drugs, surgical trauma and the subsequent stimulation of the adrenal cortex [ 38 ].…”

“…The intraoperative and post-surgical neutrophilia and lymphopenia might have been the result of the stress caused by the anesthetic drugs, surgical trauma and the subsequent stimulation of the adrenal cortex [ 38 ]. It is well documented that OHE inflicts pain and stress as a result of tissue trauma, organ manipulation and inflammation [ 32 ]. Hancock et al [ 39 ] reported a significantly higher peak of plasma cortisol levels in dogs 2 h after OHE.…”

Laparoscopic versus Open Ovariectomy in Bitches: Changes in Cardiorespiratory Values, Blood Parameters, and Sevoflurane Requirements Associated with the Surgical Technique

“…Shariati et al [ 10 ] examined perioperative complications, blood loss, as well as some clinical and blood parameters in laparoscopic and open surgery for OVE in dogs. Kumari et al [ 42 ] evaluated the hemato-biochemical profile in bitches undergoing LAP and open Ove. Additionally, in another study on cats [ 27 ], the authors evaluated the cardiopulmonary effects of low IAP in LAP OVE comparing these findings to those obtained in an open surgery approach.…”