“…By use of lignocelluloses as substrate, three components, including acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) are simultaneously produced, in which butanol is the major product (Ezeji et al, 2012;Jurgens et al, 2012;Wen et al, 2014a,b). Different biomass such as wheat straw (Quershi et al, 2007;Nanda et al, 2014), rice straw (Gottumukkala et al, 2013(Gottumukkala et al, , 2014, barley straw (Quershi et al, 2010a), corn stover (Parekh et al, 1988;Quershi et al, 2010b), corn cob and fibers (Marshal et al, 1992;Guo et al, 2013), palm kernel cake (Shukor et al, 2014), cassava starch (Li et al, 2014a,b), pinewood and timothy grass (Nanda et al, 2014), switch grass (Quershi et al, 2010b;Gao et al, 2014), sag pith (Linggang et al, 2013) and dried distillers' grains have been used as substrates for ABE fermentation by numerous Clostridium strains such as C. acetobutylicum, C. aurantibutyricum, C. beijerinckii , C. cadaveris, C. pasteurianum, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum, C. saccharobutylicum, C. sporogenes and C. tetanomorphum (Inui et al, 2008;Quershi et al, 2013). This process commonly occurs in two phases, including acidogenic phase where acetic and butyric acids are produced, and solventogenic phase where acids are used and ABE are generated.…”