“…Confirming smoking abstinence during smoking cessation treatment is critical in determining treatment effectiveness. Although self-report has been one primary method of verifying smoking status, self-report may not be accurate in highdemand situations such as requiring smoking abstinence as a condition of hiring (McDaniel & Malone, 2012;Schmidt, Voigt, & Emanuel, 2013;Voigt, 2012), determining smoking status in pregnant women (e.g., Shipton et al, 2009) or adolescents (e.g., Mermelstein et al, 2002), or during smoking cessation treatment (Dolcini, Adler, & Ginsberg, 1996;Patrick et al, 1994;Velicer, Prochaska, Rossi, & Snow, 1992). Several biological methods for verifying abstinence are widely used and include measuring exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) as well as nicotine or cotinine concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine (see Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco [SRNT] Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification, 2002).…”